Cabaran
Satu-satunya cabaran globalisasi yang perlu diperbahaskan di agenda paling atas adalah cabaran ke atas aspek sosial budaya. Cabaran ini adalah suatu persoalan yang sangat kritikal kerana sesudah terlerainya benteng sosio budaya sesuatu kelompok masyarakat belia dapat disempurnakan maka segala usaha untuk menerobos bidang — bidang yang lain akan menjadi lebih mudah.
Golongan muda sebahagian besarnya sudah terheret di dalam proses globalisasi sosio budaya. Melalui pelbagai saluran, golongan belia akan menjadi dan terus menjadi sasaran utama globalisasi yang didalangi oleh syarikat-syarikat multinasional dan transnasional. Sesungguhnya tidaklah mengejutkan apabila sistem sosio budaya masyarakat muda kini sudah dirungkai sehingga segala nilai tradisi kita kini sedang melalui proses penghakisan yang amat ketara.
Adalah terlalu ketara untuk menafikan mengenai wujudnya keadaan di mana anak-anak muda semakin menunjukkan tanda tercabut dari akar budaya, bangsa dan agamanya sendiri. Dalam keghairahan untuk mengejari gaya hidup global yang ditandai oleh pelbagai ciri kehidupan barat, anak-anak muda kita secara umumnya kini sudah tidak merasa bersalah untuk meniru secara bulat budaya hidup barat. Kita dapat saksikan globalisasi budaya ini dalam pelbagai bentuk kehidupan golongan belia.
Pengamatan yang jelas dapat membuktikan fenomena di atas boleh disaksikan dengan insiden-insiden dan trend berikut:
* Pakaian jenama barat.
* Makanan segera keluaran barat.
* Minuman global yang ditaja oleh barat.
* Hiburan yang menonjolkan budaya barat.
* Media barat yang semakin membanjiri masyarakat muda.
* Rekreasi yang meniru ala barat.
* Dunia lakonan dan pembikinan filem cara barat
* Majlis-majlis sosial yang menonjolkan acara-acara ala barat.
* Produk rokok yang menajakan budaya hidup barat.
Demikianlah antara fenomena globalisasi yang kini sedang mencabar seluruh jati diri golongan muda. Dari globalisasi kepada dominasi, golongan muda semakin terdedah kepada kehidupan dan nilai keperibadian yang terputus dan terpisah jauh dari budaya hidup timur.
Kita tidak mempunyai pilihan melainkan untuk meneliti secara kritikal dari implikasi globalisasi yang semakin rancak dan tidak terkawal. Golongan muda seharusnya berani untuk menyanggah arus globalisasi bagi memastikan jati diri kita yang sebenar tidak akan digadai. Hanya golongan muda yang mempunyai keberanian dan keyakinan diri bahawa sementara kita ingin berinteraksi dengan dunia luar kita tetap akan terus yakin dan tegas dalam mempertahankan kejatian diri kita. Tanpa kesedaran ini globalisasi akan menenggelam dan melemaskan golongan muda dengan nilai dan pegangan hidup yang sangat mengelirukan dan palsu
Thursday, September 17, 2009
CABARAN GLOBALISASI KEPADA REMAJA 2
tulah hakikat globalisasi sebenarnya di mana ia adalah suatu proses penyeragaman dan penyamarataan "semua untuk satu dan satu untuk semua". Globalisasi dilihat sebagai suatu faham bahawa di dalam kehidupan ini tidak wajar lagi diiktiraf tanggapan nilai murni dan mulia secara objektif. Akibat dari "nilai-nilai global" yang dibentuk serta didalangi dan didukungi oleh faham dan pandangan hidup barat, maka kehidupan yang dilandaskan oleh nilai-nilai mutlak berdasarkan pegangan agama tidak lagi dapat diterima.
Apa yang disogokkan melalui globalisasi ialah segalagalanya perlu disamaratakan. Dengan lain perkataan ia bermakna seluruh pandangan hidup dan nilai hidup hendaklah diseragamkan tidak kira dari mana asas nilainya yang dibentuk. Ini diterjemahkan dalam pelbagai dimensi hidup dari sekecil-kecil perilaku seperti berpakaian sehinggalah ke sebesar-besar agenda di peringkat perhubungan antarabangsa.
Lantaran globalisasi mempunyai Jentera penjananya sendiri iaitu badan-badan konglomerat dunia yang sekali lagi berpaksi dan berpusat di barat maka kepentingan globalisasi pada hakikatnya tidak lain daripada kepentingan barat jua. Globalisasi pada hakikatnya tidak lebih daripada maksud dominasi. Laungan keadilan dan kesaksamaan universal yang cuba dikaitkan dengan proses globalisasi hanya merupakan suatu pemalsuan dan penyembunyian hakikat sebenar.
Kita sering tenggelam dan lemas dalam kejahilan yang amat ketara. Hampir jelas globalisasi sebagai suatu istilah baru kepada gerakan yang lama tidak lagi dapat difahami apatah lagi dianalisa dengan kritikal.
Semakin ramai penganalisis dunia kini telah memperakui globalisasi sebagai satu kenyataan yang diterima dan perlu dijadikan premis yang benar dan tidak boleh dipersoalkan lagi. Keghairahan pemikir-pemikir dan ahli-ahli akademik untuk menerima globalisasi kini diperkukuhkan oleh badan-badan antarabangsa di atas pelbagai nama yang amat mengkagumkan. Tanpa segan silu lagi mereka mengatakan bahawa fenomena wujudnya "rakyat global" adalah suatu bentuk idealisme yang perlu diterima oleh semua negara.
Demikianlah mendalamnya pemikiran globalisasi yang dijiwai oleh perancang-perancang pembangunan di seluruh dunia sehingga tidak wujud lagi rasa curiga terhadap kesan prosesnya yang dijana dan dicanangkan oleh kuasa-kuasa barat.
Tidaklah menghairankan kalau penganut-penganut globalisme ini akhirnya akan mengatakan, kedaulatan sesebuah negara bangsa tidak perlu diwujudkan lagi kerana mereka terus beranggapan bahawa apa yang dipanggil "dunia tanpa sempadan" adalah kemuncak kemajuan. Dengan demikian mereka berasa puas untuk menjadi alat dan hamba kepada pelbagai institusi global yang mengeksploitasi seluruh kepakaran dan keahlian mereka bagi membuka dan merungkai segala halangan yang menyebabkan sesebuah negara tidak memperakui globalisasi sebagai satu kemestian.
Kita menjadi semakin terhimpit apabila negara dankebanyakan pemimpin sudah membuat komitmen untuk menyertai proses globalisasi ini. Apakah makna, ke arah manakah tujuan dan apakah implikasinya, tidak menjadi persoalan penting. Apa yang diutamakan adalah semua pihak perlu menyertai dan menyesuaikan diri untuk menjadi lebih global.
Jika benarlah global itu bermakna lebih menyeluruh dan mengambilkira semua aspek dan kepentingan setiap warga dunia, kenapakah realiti globalisasi yang sedang berjalan kini tidak menunjukkan tanda tersebut melainkan semakin ketara fenomena dunia yang bersifat unipolar sedang dikuasai oleh hanya satu blok kuasa iaitu blok barat sahaja. Yang semakin jelas ialah bukan konsep menyeluruh itu yang sebenarnya ditekankan tetapi sebaliknya konsep "semua untuk satu" jualah yang kini menjadi agenda barat.
Apabila kita ingin menyinggung persoalan cabaran dan kesan globalisasi ke atas golongan remaja, sebenarnya kita sudah agak lewat untuk membuat suatu penilaian kritikal bagi mempersiapkan golongan tersebut menghadapi fenomena ini. Malah kesan globalisasi sudah terlalu awal lagi berada dalam kawalan kuasa besar dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti badan ekonomi, badan korporat dan konglomerat teknologi.
Apa yang disogokkan melalui globalisasi ialah segalagalanya perlu disamaratakan. Dengan lain perkataan ia bermakna seluruh pandangan hidup dan nilai hidup hendaklah diseragamkan tidak kira dari mana asas nilainya yang dibentuk. Ini diterjemahkan dalam pelbagai dimensi hidup dari sekecil-kecil perilaku seperti berpakaian sehinggalah ke sebesar-besar agenda di peringkat perhubungan antarabangsa.
Lantaran globalisasi mempunyai Jentera penjananya sendiri iaitu badan-badan konglomerat dunia yang sekali lagi berpaksi dan berpusat di barat maka kepentingan globalisasi pada hakikatnya tidak lain daripada kepentingan barat jua. Globalisasi pada hakikatnya tidak lebih daripada maksud dominasi. Laungan keadilan dan kesaksamaan universal yang cuba dikaitkan dengan proses globalisasi hanya merupakan suatu pemalsuan dan penyembunyian hakikat sebenar.
Kita sering tenggelam dan lemas dalam kejahilan yang amat ketara. Hampir jelas globalisasi sebagai suatu istilah baru kepada gerakan yang lama tidak lagi dapat difahami apatah lagi dianalisa dengan kritikal.
Semakin ramai penganalisis dunia kini telah memperakui globalisasi sebagai satu kenyataan yang diterima dan perlu dijadikan premis yang benar dan tidak boleh dipersoalkan lagi. Keghairahan pemikir-pemikir dan ahli-ahli akademik untuk menerima globalisasi kini diperkukuhkan oleh badan-badan antarabangsa di atas pelbagai nama yang amat mengkagumkan. Tanpa segan silu lagi mereka mengatakan bahawa fenomena wujudnya "rakyat global" adalah suatu bentuk idealisme yang perlu diterima oleh semua negara.
Demikianlah mendalamnya pemikiran globalisasi yang dijiwai oleh perancang-perancang pembangunan di seluruh dunia sehingga tidak wujud lagi rasa curiga terhadap kesan prosesnya yang dijana dan dicanangkan oleh kuasa-kuasa barat.
Tidaklah menghairankan kalau penganut-penganut globalisme ini akhirnya akan mengatakan, kedaulatan sesebuah negara bangsa tidak perlu diwujudkan lagi kerana mereka terus beranggapan bahawa apa yang dipanggil "dunia tanpa sempadan" adalah kemuncak kemajuan. Dengan demikian mereka berasa puas untuk menjadi alat dan hamba kepada pelbagai institusi global yang mengeksploitasi seluruh kepakaran dan keahlian mereka bagi membuka dan merungkai segala halangan yang menyebabkan sesebuah negara tidak memperakui globalisasi sebagai satu kemestian.
Kita menjadi semakin terhimpit apabila negara dankebanyakan pemimpin sudah membuat komitmen untuk menyertai proses globalisasi ini. Apakah makna, ke arah manakah tujuan dan apakah implikasinya, tidak menjadi persoalan penting. Apa yang diutamakan adalah semua pihak perlu menyertai dan menyesuaikan diri untuk menjadi lebih global.
Jika benarlah global itu bermakna lebih menyeluruh dan mengambilkira semua aspek dan kepentingan setiap warga dunia, kenapakah realiti globalisasi yang sedang berjalan kini tidak menunjukkan tanda tersebut melainkan semakin ketara fenomena dunia yang bersifat unipolar sedang dikuasai oleh hanya satu blok kuasa iaitu blok barat sahaja. Yang semakin jelas ialah bukan konsep menyeluruh itu yang sebenarnya ditekankan tetapi sebaliknya konsep "semua untuk satu" jualah yang kini menjadi agenda barat.
Apabila kita ingin menyinggung persoalan cabaran dan kesan globalisasi ke atas golongan remaja, sebenarnya kita sudah agak lewat untuk membuat suatu penilaian kritikal bagi mempersiapkan golongan tersebut menghadapi fenomena ini. Malah kesan globalisasi sudah terlalu awal lagi berada dalam kawalan kuasa besar dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti badan ekonomi, badan korporat dan konglomerat teknologi.
CABARAN GLOBALISASI KEPADA REMAJA
DUNIA kini semakin rumit dan berserabut. Jika ada dua perkataan yang dapat menggambarkan situasi yang kini sedang berkembang dalam dunia dewasa ini adalah "kekeliruann dan "kepalsuan".
Apakah yang lebih mengelirukan bagi generasi pewaris jika mereka dalam suatu keadaan sedang menyaksikan kehidupan manusia yang berada di dalam kekaburan dan kesamaran untuk menentukan destinasi hidup yang sebenar? Di suatu waktu golongan muda kita diperdengarkan mengenai slogan keadilan dan kebenaran tetapi di waktu yang lain mereka menyaksikan perbuatan yang zalim dan pemalsuan di atas nama keadilan dan kebenaran itu sendiri.
Sesungguhnya kekeliruan dalam pemikiran dan tanggapan terhadap erti kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran hidup telah membawa kepada krisis yang semakin kusut dan tragedi yang amat besar kepada kemanusiaan di waktu ini. Komplot dikelirukan di atas nama kebersamaan, monopoli kekayaan di atas nama pertumbuhan ekonomi, dominasi budaya di atas nama liberalisasi, penindasan golongan lemah di atas nama demokrasi, hedonisme di atas nama kebebasan individu peminggiran di atas nama urbanisasi dan penjajahan di atas nama pasaran bebas.
Semua ini sedang dihidangkan kepada generasi pewaris. Dalam jangka masa panjang yang palsu jika diulangi dan diperkukuhkan dengan kenyataan yang tidak disanggah, akhirnya akan menjadi persepsi yang dianggap benar dan terus dilanjutkan serta kadangkala dipertahankan tanpa soal.
Kita kerap memperkatakan sesuatu yang sering tidak kita fahami tetapi akibat dari sogokan yang bertubi-tubi melalui pelbagai media ia sudahnya diterima. Di zaman ini tidak ada ungkapan dan laungan yang paling tertonjol dan didengari dan dianggap sebagai benar oleh hampir semua pemegang kuasa dan khalayak awam melainkan Globalisasi.
Ramai yang sudah hampir yakin dengan penuh taqlid bahawa fenomena globalisasi adalah suatu realiti yang perlu diakui. Sejauh mana dan ke mana arah sebenarnya globalisasi akan membawa kita hampir tidak dapat diteliti dengan waras dan saksama oleh pelbagai pemikir dan perancang.
Kita sekarang sebenarnya sedang berada di suatu zaman di mana proses penyeragaman yang amat ketara sedang berlangsung. Akibat dari apa yang dikatakan globalisasi, kita sudah hampir pasti mengatakan kepelbagaian adalah satu ketidaksempurnaan. Oleh yang demikian kita semakin akur mengatakan bahawa globalisasi adalah suatu konsep yang benar dan tepat walaupun natijahnya jelas membawa banyak kesan negatif daripada positif. Kita akan perhatikan bahawa hampir semua aspek kehidupan kita sedang menjalani proses globalisasi yang sebenarnya adalah untuk mengheret kita ke dalam suatu sistem hidup yang diseragamkan di seluruh dunia.
Tidak ada aspek kehidupan yang tidak disentuh oleh proses globalisasi. Tidak ada sektor pembangunan dan kemajuan sesebuah negara yang sepi dari sentuhan glabalisasi. Namun begitu kita tidak pula nampaknya mengambil sikap yang kritikal terhadap proses ini.
Dalam keghairahan untuk diglobalkan, kita semakin terputus dari budaya dan akar sejarah kita sendiri. Suatu tanggapan yang tidak disedari sedang menjadi asas pemikiran kita masa kini ialah semua sejarah bangsa mahupun negara tidak lagi bermakna melainkan proses globalisasi adalah satu-satunya fenomena yang harus membentuk seluruh tamadun hidup semasa.
Apakah yang lebih mengelirukan bagi generasi pewaris jika mereka dalam suatu keadaan sedang menyaksikan kehidupan manusia yang berada di dalam kekaburan dan kesamaran untuk menentukan destinasi hidup yang sebenar? Di suatu waktu golongan muda kita diperdengarkan mengenai slogan keadilan dan kebenaran tetapi di waktu yang lain mereka menyaksikan perbuatan yang zalim dan pemalsuan di atas nama keadilan dan kebenaran itu sendiri.
Sesungguhnya kekeliruan dalam pemikiran dan tanggapan terhadap erti kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran hidup telah membawa kepada krisis yang semakin kusut dan tragedi yang amat besar kepada kemanusiaan di waktu ini. Komplot dikelirukan di atas nama kebersamaan, monopoli kekayaan di atas nama pertumbuhan ekonomi, dominasi budaya di atas nama liberalisasi, penindasan golongan lemah di atas nama demokrasi, hedonisme di atas nama kebebasan individu peminggiran di atas nama urbanisasi dan penjajahan di atas nama pasaran bebas.
Semua ini sedang dihidangkan kepada generasi pewaris. Dalam jangka masa panjang yang palsu jika diulangi dan diperkukuhkan dengan kenyataan yang tidak disanggah, akhirnya akan menjadi persepsi yang dianggap benar dan terus dilanjutkan serta kadangkala dipertahankan tanpa soal.
Kita kerap memperkatakan sesuatu yang sering tidak kita fahami tetapi akibat dari sogokan yang bertubi-tubi melalui pelbagai media ia sudahnya diterima. Di zaman ini tidak ada ungkapan dan laungan yang paling tertonjol dan didengari dan dianggap sebagai benar oleh hampir semua pemegang kuasa dan khalayak awam melainkan Globalisasi.
Ramai yang sudah hampir yakin dengan penuh taqlid bahawa fenomena globalisasi adalah suatu realiti yang perlu diakui. Sejauh mana dan ke mana arah sebenarnya globalisasi akan membawa kita hampir tidak dapat diteliti dengan waras dan saksama oleh pelbagai pemikir dan perancang.
Kita sekarang sebenarnya sedang berada di suatu zaman di mana proses penyeragaman yang amat ketara sedang berlangsung. Akibat dari apa yang dikatakan globalisasi, kita sudah hampir pasti mengatakan kepelbagaian adalah satu ketidaksempurnaan. Oleh yang demikian kita semakin akur mengatakan bahawa globalisasi adalah suatu konsep yang benar dan tepat walaupun natijahnya jelas membawa banyak kesan negatif daripada positif. Kita akan perhatikan bahawa hampir semua aspek kehidupan kita sedang menjalani proses globalisasi yang sebenarnya adalah untuk mengheret kita ke dalam suatu sistem hidup yang diseragamkan di seluruh dunia.
Tidak ada aspek kehidupan yang tidak disentuh oleh proses globalisasi. Tidak ada sektor pembangunan dan kemajuan sesebuah negara yang sepi dari sentuhan glabalisasi. Namun begitu kita tidak pula nampaknya mengambil sikap yang kritikal terhadap proses ini.
Dalam keghairahan untuk diglobalkan, kita semakin terputus dari budaya dan akar sejarah kita sendiri. Suatu tanggapan yang tidak disedari sedang menjadi asas pemikiran kita masa kini ialah semua sejarah bangsa mahupun negara tidak lagi bermakna melainkan proses globalisasi adalah satu-satunya fenomena yang harus membentuk seluruh tamadun hidup semasa.
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
Vermicompost 2
Vermicompost has been shown to be richer in many nutrients than compost produced by other composting methods. It also has outperformed a commercial plant medium with nutrients added, but needed adjustment for magnesium and pH.
However, other studies have shown that the effects of home made, backyard, vermicompost compared to municipal compost were lower in terms of soil microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, and yields of a species of ryegrass.
Further, one study concluded that the differences between methods of composting were in large part due to the feedstock, and therefore no generalizations can be made between composts made from varying materials.
It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients already present in the soil into plant-available forms.
Unlike other compost, worm castings also contain worm mucus which helps prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and holds moisture better than plain soil.
Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil, or leached in water and made into a worm tea by mixing some vermicompost in water, bubbling in oxygen with a small air pump, and steeping for a number of hours or days.
The microbial activity of the compost is greater if it is aerated during this period. The resulting liquid is used as a fertilizer or sprayed on the plants.
The dark brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems as water-rich foods break down, is best applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed due to the possibility of phytotoxin content and organic acids that may be toxic to plants.[8]
The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to basify the pH.
Benefits of using vermicompost
Soil
* Improves its physical structure
* Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase)
* Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and organic matter that the worm ingests
* Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil
* Improves water holding capacity
Plant growth
* Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield
* Improves root growth and structure
* Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid)
Economic
* Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills
* Elimination of biowastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other recyclables collected in a single bin (a common problem in communities practicing single-stream recycling
* Creates low-skill jobs at local level
* Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make vermicomposting practical for less-developed agricultural regions
Environmental
* Helps to close the "metabolic gap" through recycling waste on-site
* Large systems often use temperature control and mechanized harvesting, however other equipment is relatively simple and does not wear out quickly[citation needed]
* Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric oxide (produced in landfills or incinerators when not composted or through methane harvest)
However, other studies have shown that the effects of home made, backyard, vermicompost compared to municipal compost were lower in terms of soil microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, and yields of a species of ryegrass.
Further, one study concluded that the differences between methods of composting were in large part due to the feedstock, and therefore no generalizations can be made between composts made from varying materials.
It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients already present in the soil into plant-available forms.
Unlike other compost, worm castings also contain worm mucus which helps prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and holds moisture better than plain soil.
Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil, or leached in water and made into a worm tea by mixing some vermicompost in water, bubbling in oxygen with a small air pump, and steeping for a number of hours or days.
The microbial activity of the compost is greater if it is aerated during this period. The resulting liquid is used as a fertilizer or sprayed on the plants.
The dark brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems as water-rich foods break down, is best applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed due to the possibility of phytotoxin content and organic acids that may be toxic to plants.[8]
The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to basify the pH.
Benefits of using vermicompost
Soil
* Improves its physical structure
* Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase)
* Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and organic matter that the worm ingests
* Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil
* Improves water holding capacity
Plant growth
* Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield
* Improves root growth and structure
* Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid)
Economic
* Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills
* Elimination of biowastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other recyclables collected in a single bin (a common problem in communities practicing single-stream recycling
* Creates low-skill jobs at local level
* Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make vermicomposting practical for less-developed agricultural regions
Environmental
* Helps to close the "metabolic gap" through recycling waste on-site
* Large systems often use temperature control and mechanized harvesting, however other equipment is relatively simple and does not wear out quickly[citation needed]
* Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric oxide (produced in landfills or incinerators when not composted or through methane harvest)
Vermicompost
Vermicompost, is composting utilizing various species of worms, specifically red wigglers, white worms, and earthworms creating the heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and pure vermicast produced during the course of normal vermiculture operations. Vermicast, similarly known as worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by the species of earthworm.
Containing water-soluble nutrients and bacteria, vermicompost is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermicompost is called vermicomposting.
The vermicompost may be used for farming, landscaping, to create compost tea, or for sale. Some of these operations produce worms for bait and/or home vermicomposting.
There are two main methods of large-scale vermiculture. Some systems use a windrow, which consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in and acts as a large bin; organic material is added to it. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from gaining access to the worm population.
Movement of castings through a worm bed.
The second type of large-scale vermicomposting system is the raised bed or flow-through system. Here the worms are fed an inch of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an inch of castings are harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the bed.
Because red worms are surface-dwellers constantly moving towards the new food source, the flow-through system eliminates the need to separate worms from the castings before packaging. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities, making them the preferred choice for operations in colder climates.
For vermicomposting at home, a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood, Styrofoam, or metal containers. The design of a small bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms.
Some materials are less desirable than others in worm bin construction. Styrofoam is believed to release toxins into the earthworms' environment. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release heavy metals into the vermicompost. Some cedars, Yellow cedar, and Redwood contain resinous oils that may harm worms, although Western Red Cedar has excellent longevity in composting conditions. Hemlock is another inexpensive and fairly rot-resistant wood species that may be used to build worm bins.
Bins need holes or mesh for aeration, and a spout or holes in the bottom for excess liquid to drain into a tray for collection. Worm compost bins made from recycled or semi-recycled plastic are ideal, but require more drainage than wooden ones because they are non-absorbent. However, wooden bins will eventually decay and need to be replaced.
Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into high-quality soil amendments, where space is limited. Worms can decompose organic matter without the additional human physical effort (turning the bin) that bin composting requires.
Earthworms and bacteria are the major catalysts for decomposing food waste in a healthy vermicomposting system. Other soil species that contribute include insects, other worms and molds.
Small-scale or home systems
Such systems usually use kitchen and garden waste, using "earthworms and other microorganisms to digest organic wastes, such as kitchen scraps". This includes:
* All fruits and vegetables (including citrus and other "high acid" foods)
* Vegetable and fruit peels and ends
* Coffee grounds and filters
* Tea bags (even those with high tannin levels)
* Grains such as bread, cracker and cereal (including moldy and stale)
* Eggshells (rinsed off)
* Leaves and grass clippings (not sprayed with pesticides)
Large-scale or commercial
Such vermicomposting systems need reliable sources of large quantities of food. Systems presently operating use:
* Dairy cow or pig manure
* Sewage sludge
* Agricultural waste
* Food processing and grocery waste
* Cafeteria waste
* Grass clippings and wood chips
Containing water-soluble nutrients and bacteria, vermicompost is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermicompost is called vermicomposting.
The vermicompost may be used for farming, landscaping, to create compost tea, or for sale. Some of these operations produce worms for bait and/or home vermicomposting.
There are two main methods of large-scale vermiculture. Some systems use a windrow, which consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in and acts as a large bin; organic material is added to it. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from gaining access to the worm population.
Movement of castings through a worm bed.
The second type of large-scale vermicomposting system is the raised bed or flow-through system. Here the worms are fed an inch of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an inch of castings are harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the bed.
Because red worms are surface-dwellers constantly moving towards the new food source, the flow-through system eliminates the need to separate worms from the castings before packaging. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities, making them the preferred choice for operations in colder climates.
For vermicomposting at home, a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood, Styrofoam, or metal containers. The design of a small bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms.
Some materials are less desirable than others in worm bin construction. Styrofoam is believed to release toxins into the earthworms' environment. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release heavy metals into the vermicompost. Some cedars, Yellow cedar, and Redwood contain resinous oils that may harm worms, although Western Red Cedar has excellent longevity in composting conditions. Hemlock is another inexpensive and fairly rot-resistant wood species that may be used to build worm bins.
Bins need holes or mesh for aeration, and a spout or holes in the bottom for excess liquid to drain into a tray for collection. Worm compost bins made from recycled or semi-recycled plastic are ideal, but require more drainage than wooden ones because they are non-absorbent. However, wooden bins will eventually decay and need to be replaced.
Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into high-quality soil amendments, where space is limited. Worms can decompose organic matter without the additional human physical effort (turning the bin) that bin composting requires.
Earthworms and bacteria are the major catalysts for decomposing food waste in a healthy vermicomposting system. Other soil species that contribute include insects, other worms and molds.
Small-scale or home systems
Such systems usually use kitchen and garden waste, using "earthworms and other microorganisms to digest organic wastes, such as kitchen scraps". This includes:
* All fruits and vegetables (including citrus and other "high acid" foods)
* Vegetable and fruit peels and ends
* Coffee grounds and filters
* Tea bags (even those with high tannin levels)
* Grains such as bread, cracker and cereal (including moldy and stale)
* Eggshells (rinsed off)
* Leaves and grass clippings (not sprayed with pesticides)
Large-scale or commercial
Such vermicomposting systems need reliable sources of large quantities of food. Systems presently operating use:
* Dairy cow or pig manure
* Sewage sludge
* Agricultural waste
* Food processing and grocery waste
* Cafeteria waste
* Grass clippings and wood chips
Memahami Masalah Tumbuhan
When to apply fertilizers?
Fertilizers should be applied throughout the growing season as plants need a constant supply of the essential nutrients to form roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds. In other words, fertilizers play a very important role in regulating the plant growth.
How often to apply?
Fertilizers should be applied once every two weeks or fortnightly. As a rule of the thumb, it is always better that you use the amount as recommended on the package. Do not over-feed. Double the amount does not give twice the benefit – it can in fact lead to unbalanced growth or scorching. You might even kill your plants.
Why some plants died after applying fertilizers?
As mentioned earlier, it is not advisable to over feed, otherwise the plants may not be able to withstand the over dosage. It is recommended that the fertilizer should be watered down immediately after every to prevent scorching. Another reason why some plants died after applying fertilizer is because the fertilizer could be too near the stem and the roots. For potted plants, it is best to place the fertilizer as far back to the side of the pot as possible.
Why some flowering plants do not flower?
More flowering plants require direct sunlight and should not be kept in the shade. Flowering inducer fertilizer with high phosphorus and potassium content should be applied regularly to encourage the formation of buds and flowers.
Why are the plants not growing?
There are numerous reasons why plants are not performing as expected. For plants that are grown in pots or containers, the soil in which they are grown might not been changed since they were first planted. The soil has certainly hardened and the roots would not be able to grow healthily. In this case, the best thing to do is to remove the plants and transplant into bigger pots or containers with new potting soil. Remove any excess or dead roots before planting. Some plants planted in the ground do not grow well, mostly because the quality of the soil is bad or infertile. Sandy or clay soils should be avoided unless organic compost or animal manure is used as additive.
Why are some fruit trees not bearing fruits?
Proper ground preparation is required before planting of fruit trees and fertile soils should be used for the trees to grow strong and healthy. Regular application of fertilizer with high phosphorus content to induce flowering and the formation of fruits and seeds and also potassium to help fruit trees resist disease and improve the quality of flowers, fruits and seeds. Most fruit trees saplings brought from garden centers or nurseries usually are planted in black poly bags. In some cases, the whole saplings while still in the poly bags were planted into the ground!
Why do plants wither?
In order for plants to grow well, regular supplies of air, water, sunlight and nutrients must be readily available. Any shortage or absence of any of these elements may cause the plants to wither.
How do we maintain plants to be strong and healthy?
Plants are like babies that need lots of love and care. The plants should be watered at least twice a day or more in very hot weather. Fertilizers are to be applied once every two weeks. Matured plants should be pruned and trimmed regularly. Any diseased part or parts should be removed immediately and wound dresser applied for rapid recovery. A broad spectrum insecticide mixed with fungicide should be used for the general control of pests and insects when necessary.
Fertilizers should be applied throughout the growing season as plants need a constant supply of the essential nutrients to form roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds. In other words, fertilizers play a very important role in regulating the plant growth.
How often to apply?
Fertilizers should be applied once every two weeks or fortnightly. As a rule of the thumb, it is always better that you use the amount as recommended on the package. Do not over-feed. Double the amount does not give twice the benefit – it can in fact lead to unbalanced growth or scorching. You might even kill your plants.
Why some plants died after applying fertilizers?
As mentioned earlier, it is not advisable to over feed, otherwise the plants may not be able to withstand the over dosage. It is recommended that the fertilizer should be watered down immediately after every to prevent scorching. Another reason why some plants died after applying fertilizer is because the fertilizer could be too near the stem and the roots. For potted plants, it is best to place the fertilizer as far back to the side of the pot as possible.
Why some flowering plants do not flower?
More flowering plants require direct sunlight and should not be kept in the shade. Flowering inducer fertilizer with high phosphorus and potassium content should be applied regularly to encourage the formation of buds and flowers.
Why are the plants not growing?
There are numerous reasons why plants are not performing as expected. For plants that are grown in pots or containers, the soil in which they are grown might not been changed since they were first planted. The soil has certainly hardened and the roots would not be able to grow healthily. In this case, the best thing to do is to remove the plants and transplant into bigger pots or containers with new potting soil. Remove any excess or dead roots before planting. Some plants planted in the ground do not grow well, mostly because the quality of the soil is bad or infertile. Sandy or clay soils should be avoided unless organic compost or animal manure is used as additive.
Why are some fruit trees not bearing fruits?
Proper ground preparation is required before planting of fruit trees and fertile soils should be used for the trees to grow strong and healthy. Regular application of fertilizer with high phosphorus content to induce flowering and the formation of fruits and seeds and also potassium to help fruit trees resist disease and improve the quality of flowers, fruits and seeds. Most fruit trees saplings brought from garden centers or nurseries usually are planted in black poly bags. In some cases, the whole saplings while still in the poly bags were planted into the ground!
Why do plants wither?
In order for plants to grow well, regular supplies of air, water, sunlight and nutrients must be readily available. Any shortage or absence of any of these elements may cause the plants to wither.
How do we maintain plants to be strong and healthy?
Plants are like babies that need lots of love and care. The plants should be watered at least twice a day or more in very hot weather. Fertilizers are to be applied once every two weeks. Matured plants should be pruned and trimmed regularly. Any diseased part or parts should be removed immediately and wound dresser applied for rapid recovery. A broad spectrum insecticide mixed with fungicide should be used for the general control of pests and insects when necessary.
Which fertilizer is best?
All fertilizers are formulated and created differently to serve a certain purpose as is required and so, selecting which fertilizer is best, is very subjective. The selection of fertilizer depends on a few factors such as:
I) type of plant
II) age of your plant
III) size of your plant
IV) health of your plant
V) tolerance of your plant
VI) soil condition
VII) your objective. For example; to grow, flower, maintain etc
Both organic and inorganic fertilizer have their advantages and disadvantages. Inorganic types are easier to use and we have more control over the content of nutrients in these sources. This allows us to apply our nutrients more accurately.
Organic sources are variable in their nutrient content and we have very little control over this. It adds valuable organic matter to the soil and has some slow release action.
The decision to use either inorganic or organic fertilizers lies in the preference of each individual as both serve different purposes subject to his or her needs.
Ideally, a combination of both inorganic and organic fertilizers should be used.
I) type of plant
II) age of your plant
III) size of your plant
IV) health of your plant
V) tolerance of your plant
VI) soil condition
VII) your objective. For example; to grow, flower, maintain etc
Both organic and inorganic fertilizer have their advantages and disadvantages. Inorganic types are easier to use and we have more control over the content of nutrients in these sources. This allows us to apply our nutrients more accurately.
Organic sources are variable in their nutrient content and we have very little control over this. It adds valuable organic matter to the soil and has some slow release action.
The decision to use either inorganic or organic fertilizers lies in the preference of each individual as both serve different purposes subject to his or her needs.
Ideally, a combination of both inorganic and organic fertilizers should be used.
Why do we need to apply fertilizers?
Plants are like other living things that require a regular supply of starch, protein and other complex nutrients to survive and to grow. Plants require 16 nutrients for optimum growth. Often, the soil doesn't hold enough of these nutrients in the quantities needed for desirable growth and production. The nutrients, which are in the soil, are often used up and need to be replaced.
Nutrients, such as nitrogen, are easily leached by water and can also be volatilized into the atmosphere. These nutrients are usually not available, in sufficient quantities, from the soil. Therefore, we need to add extra plant nutrients to the soil ( or in some cases, on plant foliage ) to obtain maximum plant performance. We add these nutrients by applying fertilizer to obtain optimum growth and better yield.
Benefits of organic fertilizer
However, by their nature, organic fertilizers provide increased physical and biological storage mechanisms to soils, mitigating risks of over-fertilization. Organic fertilizer nutrient content, solubility, and nutrient release rates are typically much lower than mineral (inorganic) fertilizers[33][34]. One study found that over a 140-day period, after 7 leachings:
* Organic fertilizers had released between 25% and 60% of their nitrogen content
* Controlled release fertilizers(CRFs) had a relatively constant rate of release
* Soluble fertilizer released most of its nitrogen content at the first leaching
[edit] Disadvantages of organic fertilizer
It is difficult to chemically distinguish between urea of biological origin and those produced synthetically[citation needed]. Like inorganic fertilizers, it is possible to over-apply organic fertilizers if does not measure and distribute the required amounts according to the recommended amounts for the plot of land in question.[citation needed]. Release of the nutrients may happen quite suddenly depending on the type of organic fertiliser used.
Because of their dilute concentration of nutrients, transport and application costs are typically much greater for organic than inorganic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers from treated sewage, composts and sources can be quiet variable from one batch to the next. Unless each batch is tested the amounts of nutrient applied are not precisely known.
Nutrients, such as nitrogen, are easily leached by water and can also be volatilized into the atmosphere. These nutrients are usually not available, in sufficient quantities, from the soil. Therefore, we need to add extra plant nutrients to the soil ( or in some cases, on plant foliage ) to obtain maximum plant performance. We add these nutrients by applying fertilizer to obtain optimum growth and better yield.
Benefits of organic fertilizer
However, by their nature, organic fertilizers provide increased physical and biological storage mechanisms to soils, mitigating risks of over-fertilization. Organic fertilizer nutrient content, solubility, and nutrient release rates are typically much lower than mineral (inorganic) fertilizers[33][34]. One study found that over a 140-day period, after 7 leachings:
* Organic fertilizers had released between 25% and 60% of their nitrogen content
* Controlled release fertilizers(CRFs) had a relatively constant rate of release
* Soluble fertilizer released most of its nitrogen content at the first leaching
[edit] Disadvantages of organic fertilizer
It is difficult to chemically distinguish between urea of biological origin and those produced synthetically[citation needed]. Like inorganic fertilizers, it is possible to over-apply organic fertilizers if does not measure and distribute the required amounts according to the recommended amounts for the plot of land in question.[citation needed]. Release of the nutrients may happen quite suddenly depending on the type of organic fertiliser used.
Because of their dilute concentration of nutrients, transport and application costs are typically much greater for organic than inorganic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers from treated sewage, composts and sources can be quiet variable from one batch to the next. Unless each batch is tested the amounts of nutrient applied are not precisely known.
What is fertilizer?
Fertilizer is any material that supplies one or more of the essential nutrients to plants. Fertilizers can be classified into one of two categories: organic or inorganic. Organic fertilizers are derived from living or once living material. These materials include animal wastes, crop residues, compost and numerous other byproducts of living organisms. Inorganic fertilizers are derived from non-living sources and include most of our man-made, commercial fertilizers.
Fertilizers are substance which applied to promote plant and fruit growth. Fertilizers are usually applied either through the soil (for uptake by plant roots) or by foliar feeding (for uptake through leaves)
Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions, the three major plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (known shorthand as N-P-K); the secondary plant nutrients (calcium, sulfur, magnesium) and sometimes trace elements (or micronutrients) with a role in plant or animal nutrition: boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and (in some countries) selenium.
Fertilizers are substance which applied to promote plant and fruit growth. Fertilizers are usually applied either through the soil (for uptake by plant roots) or by foliar feeding (for uptake through leaves)
Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions, the three major plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (known shorthand as N-P-K); the secondary plant nutrients (calcium, sulfur, magnesium) and sometimes trace elements (or micronutrients) with a role in plant or animal nutrition: boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and (in some countries) selenium.
Panduan menanam cili dalam Pasu atau Polybag.
Sayuran cili menjadi salah satu ramuan dalam kebanyakan resepi masakan mampu hidup lebih subur didalam pasu sekiranya ditanam mengikut kaedah penanaman yang betul.
Berikut adalah kaedah penanaman didalam pasu yang boleh dijadikan panduan.
Gunakan tanah campuran yang mengandungi tiga bahagian tanah, satu bahagian tahi ayam reput atau kompos dan satu bahagian pasir. isikan pasu dengan tanah campuran tersebut sehingga 5cm dari permukaan pasu.
Semai terus3 atau 4 biji benih kedalam pasu sedalam 2 hingga 5 cm. Tinggalkan hanya sepokok setiap satu dua minggu selepas menanam.
Siram pokok pada awal pagi dan lewat petang setiap hari kecuali pada hari hujan.
Tabur sebanyak satu sudu teh atau 5 gram baja di sekeliling pokok setiap minggu.
Gunakan juga rumput-rumput kering yang diletakkan di sekeliling pokok sebagai kompos semulajadi.
Hasil tuaian lada selalunya dapat dikutip selepas kira-kira 12 minggu ditanam. Anggaran hasil mengikut kaedah ini adalah diantara 0.8 – 15 kilogram sepokok.
Bagaimanapun bagi mereka yang mempunyai tanah yang luas, panduan berikut boleh diikuti.
Bajak dan gemburkan tanah sedalam 15-22 cm. Sediakan batas berukuran 1.2 meter lebar dan 22 – 30 cm tinggi. Panjang batas mengikut keadaan kawasan manakala jarak antara batas pula ialah 45 cm. Gaulkan tahi ayam reput sebanyak 25 kg bagi 50 meter persegi kawasan.
Sediakan kotak semaian berukuran 45 cm panjang, 22 cm lebar dan 10 cm tinggi. Isikan kotak semaian dengan tanah campuran mengandungi tiga bahagian tanah, satu bahagian tahi ayam reput dan satu bahagian pasir.
Semai lima gram biji benih ke dalam kotak semaian secara barisan dan tutp benih dengan lapisan nipis tanah. Jarak tanaman adalah 5 cm antara baris dan 2 cm antara pokok.
Siram dengan penyiram yang mempunyai semburan halus dua kali sehari.
Kotak semaian mesti dilindungi daripada cahaya matahari dan air hujan yang berlebihan.
Ubah anak benih ke ladang 3 – 4 minggu selepas disemai .
Sebelum diubah ke ladang, dedahkan anak benih kepada cahaya matahari selama 3-4 hari untuk mengeraskannya.
MENANAM
Anak benih yang berumur enam minggu boleh diubah terus ke batas.
sebelum mencabut basahkan kotak semaian supaya anak benih senang digali. Kemudia, gali anak beni dengan segumpal tanah dan tanam terus ke batas.
Jarak tanaman adalah 90 cm antara pokok dan 150 cm antara baris.
PENJAGAAN
Tabur baja di keliling pokok dengan kadar satu sudu besar atau 10 gram sepokok setiap dua minggu.
Gunakan rumput-rumput kering atau pelepah kelapa sebagai sungkupan.
Bersihkan batas daripada rumpai menggunakan tanah, cangkul atau tajak.
TUAIAN HASIL
Tuaian hasil cili merah
Cili boleh dipetik lapan minggu selepas diubah ke ladang dan pungutan hasil dibuat setiap tiga atau empat hari.
Anggaran hasil dari kawasan 50 meter persegi adalah 100-200 kg.
Berikut adalah kaedah penanaman didalam pasu yang boleh dijadikan panduan.
Gunakan tanah campuran yang mengandungi tiga bahagian tanah, satu bahagian tahi ayam reput atau kompos dan satu bahagian pasir. isikan pasu dengan tanah campuran tersebut sehingga 5cm dari permukaan pasu.
Semai terus3 atau 4 biji benih kedalam pasu sedalam 2 hingga 5 cm. Tinggalkan hanya sepokok setiap satu dua minggu selepas menanam.
Siram pokok pada awal pagi dan lewat petang setiap hari kecuali pada hari hujan.
Tabur sebanyak satu sudu teh atau 5 gram baja di sekeliling pokok setiap minggu.
Gunakan juga rumput-rumput kering yang diletakkan di sekeliling pokok sebagai kompos semulajadi.
Hasil tuaian lada selalunya dapat dikutip selepas kira-kira 12 minggu ditanam. Anggaran hasil mengikut kaedah ini adalah diantara 0.8 – 15 kilogram sepokok.
Bagaimanapun bagi mereka yang mempunyai tanah yang luas, panduan berikut boleh diikuti.
Bajak dan gemburkan tanah sedalam 15-22 cm. Sediakan batas berukuran 1.2 meter lebar dan 22 – 30 cm tinggi. Panjang batas mengikut keadaan kawasan manakala jarak antara batas pula ialah 45 cm. Gaulkan tahi ayam reput sebanyak 25 kg bagi 50 meter persegi kawasan.
Sediakan kotak semaian berukuran 45 cm panjang, 22 cm lebar dan 10 cm tinggi. Isikan kotak semaian dengan tanah campuran mengandungi tiga bahagian tanah, satu bahagian tahi ayam reput dan satu bahagian pasir.
Semai lima gram biji benih ke dalam kotak semaian secara barisan dan tutp benih dengan lapisan nipis tanah. Jarak tanaman adalah 5 cm antara baris dan 2 cm antara pokok.
Siram dengan penyiram yang mempunyai semburan halus dua kali sehari.
Kotak semaian mesti dilindungi daripada cahaya matahari dan air hujan yang berlebihan.
Ubah anak benih ke ladang 3 – 4 minggu selepas disemai .
Sebelum diubah ke ladang, dedahkan anak benih kepada cahaya matahari selama 3-4 hari untuk mengeraskannya.
MENANAM
Anak benih yang berumur enam minggu boleh diubah terus ke batas.
sebelum mencabut basahkan kotak semaian supaya anak benih senang digali. Kemudia, gali anak beni dengan segumpal tanah dan tanam terus ke batas.
Jarak tanaman adalah 90 cm antara pokok dan 150 cm antara baris.
PENJAGAAN
Tabur baja di keliling pokok dengan kadar satu sudu besar atau 10 gram sepokok setiap dua minggu.
Gunakan rumput-rumput kering atau pelepah kelapa sebagai sungkupan.
Bersihkan batas daripada rumpai menggunakan tanah, cangkul atau tajak.
TUAIAN HASIL
Tuaian hasil cili merah
Cili boleh dipetik lapan minggu selepas diubah ke ladang dan pungutan hasil dibuat setiap tiga atau empat hari.
Anggaran hasil dari kawasan 50 meter persegi adalah 100-200 kg.
Nutrien (baja) untuk hidroponik
Nutrien (Baja)
Tumbuhan dalam sistem hidroponik adalah sama dengan tanaan yang ditanam atas tanah, masing-masing memerlukan 16 unsur untuk tumbuh dengan baik. ia itu C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, Mo dan Cl. Dalam sistem hidroponik unsur ini dilarutkan kedalam air bagi diserap oleh sistem akar. Larutan ini dipanggil larutan nutrium atau larutan baja.
Terdapat pelbagai formula larutan nutrien dipasaran. Harga pasaran adalah berasaskan kepada harga bahan mentah yang digunakan. Bahan yang digunakan biasanya dalam bentuk garam mineral atau cecair. Bahan berkenaan mungkin dalam bentuk bahan organik atau bukan organik atau campuran keduanya.
Menggunakan larutan nutrien yang siap dijual di pasaran adalah lebih mudah, cuma ikut sahaja arahan pada lebel yang berkenaan. Walau bagaimanapun menyediakan sendiri larutan nutrien adalah lebih menyoronokkan !. Kekurangan sesuatu unsur akan memberi kesan terus kepada pertubuhan pokok kerana tanaan bergantung sepenuhnya kepada larutan nutrien yang dibekalkan.
PH Larutan Nutrien
PH merujuk samada larutan nutrien berasid atau beralkali. Ukuran yang digunakan ialah nilai 1 hingga 14. Nilai 7 bagi larutan nuteral, jika nilai ph kurang daripada 7 larutan berkenaan adalah berasid. Bagi nilai melebihi 7 larutan berkenaan berasid. Ph yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan secara umum ialah antara 5.5 hingga 6.5.
Tumbuhan akan menyerap zat makanan dan melepaskan bahan kimia kedalam larutan . Proses ini akan menyebabkan larutan baja akan berubah menjadi lebih berakali. Gunakan pH meter untuk menentukannya. Apabila nilai pH melehi 7, larutan berkenaan adalah beralkali dan perlu diturunkan kepada antara 5.5 hingga 6.5 ia itu nilai yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan. Untuk mencapai nilai ini campurkan asid sulfrik atau air bateri kedalam larutan nutrien berkenaan. Sekiranya larutan nutrien berasid ia itu nilai pH nya kurang daripada 5.5, ia perlu ditingkatkan sehingga 5.5. Peningkatan pH dapat dilakukan dengan menambah potassium hydroxide (KOH) atau sodium hydroxide (NaOH) atau soda bikarbonat yang digunakan untuk membuat kueh. Gunakan ph meter atau kertas litmus bagi menyukat ph larutan.
PH Untuk Tanaman Terpilih
PH 6.0-6.7
PH 5.5-6.7
PH 5.2-6.7
PH 4.5-6.7
Asparagus Kekacang Tomato Ubi Kentang
Cauliflower Broccoli Lobak Merah
Tembikai Kobis
Salad
Kepekatan Larutan
Kepekatan larutan nutrien diukur dengan unit ppm (part per million) atau satu bahagian dalam sejuta. Sukatan ini merujuk kepada nisbah bahagian nutrien dilarutkan kedalam air. Jika 1 miligram baja A dilarutkan dalam 1 litter air bersih, kepekakatan larutan di baca sebagai 1 ppm. Air bersih yang belum dicampurkan baja kedalam nya mempunyai nilai ppm kosong.
Anggaran purata keperluan unsur nirojen untuk pertumbuhan ialah 300 ppm, posforos 80 ppm, kalium 250 ppm, salfur 400 ppm, Magnesium 75 ppm, kalsium 400 ppm, Iron 5 ppm, tembaga 0.5 ppm, Mangam 2 ppm, Molbednum 0.001 ppm dan boron 1 ppm. Nilai standard kerja kepekatan larutan baja hidroponik ialah 1280 ppm, dikira setelah semua unsur yang diperlukan oleh pertumbuhan dilarutkan dalam air.
Bagi menjamin pertumbuhan tanaman yang baik nilai ppm hendaklah sentiasa diukur nilai kepekatan standart kerja ialah 1280 ppm, Jika perlu larutan nutrien hendak lah ditambah bagi mencapai nilai standard kerja yang diperlukan.
Limit Pengunaan Unsur Nutrien Oleh Pokok Mengikut Sukatan PPM
Unsur Makro
Kepekatan (ppm)
Unsur Mikro
Kepekatan (ppm)
N 70-1000 Fe 0.5-10
P 30-100 Mn 0.1-5
K 100-400 H 0.16
Ca 80-400 Cu 0.02-0.5
Mg 24-100 Zn 0.02-1
S 35-1000 Mo 0.01-0.1
Kesan Kekurangan Unsur Nutrien Kepada Pokok
Unsur Nutrien
Kesan (symptoms)
Nitrojan Daun kecil, warna hijau muda,daun mati pada pokok dan daun sukar gugur.
Posforus Daun hijau tua. Daun bawah bewarna kuning pada bahagian hujung daun.
Potassium Daun bawah mati.terutama bahagian antara tulang daun.
Kalsium Pucuk dan daun muda mati. Daun muda berkedut.
Magnesium Bawah daun kuning akhirnya mati.
Salfur Pucuk dan daun muda warna hijau muda
Iron Pucuk dan daun muda warna kuning, akhirnya mati
Mangan Mata burung atau tompok warna coklat pada daun.
Boron Tunas dan pucuk mati
CARA MENYEDIAKAN LARUTAN NUTRIEN (BAJA)
Ada beberapa formula baja yang dapat digunakan untuk hidroponik, tapi dari beberapa formula tersebut yang terpenting adalah kandungan unsur-unsurnya sesuai dengan keperluan tanaman. Karena itu secara praktis, kita sebaiknya memahami berapa banyak unsur nutrien yang diperlukan oleh setiap tanaman. Dari sini kita menyusun formulasi campuran sendiri yang mencukupi keperluan tersebut. Hal ini lebih bermanfaat karena kita boleh jimatkan perbelanjaan membeli larutan baja., kita boleh menemukan keperluan unsur dengan bahan yang murah tapi fungsinya tetap mencapai apa yang kita harapkan.
Larutan nutrien hidroponik telah dibangunkan oleh D. R. Hoagland dari University of California. Larutan ini boleh dibuat sendiri (bagi tujuan hobi) dengan mencampur daripada baja dalam bentuk garam mineral yang terdapat dalam pasaran. Mudah disediakan dan dapat memberi hasil yang memuaskan bagi tujuan hobi..
Bagi tujuan komersial ketepatan penggunaan garam mineral amatlah penting dalam kejayaan projek. Formula yang telah dibangunkan oleh Terengganu Hydroponics Society adalah sebagaimana di bawah:-
UNSUR MAKRO
Garam Mineral Gram/1000 liter larutan baja
Nutri Fosfat (P) 18
Nutri Potasium (K) 30
Nutri Nitrat (N) 60
Nutri Magnesium (Mg) 31
Garam mineral mesti dilarutkan dalam air panas secara berasingan dan ditambahkan kedalam tangki larutan. Gunakan bahan grade kimia. Gred baja boleh juga digunakan kerana harganya lebih murah. Garam mineral gred kimia adalah mudah larut berbanding dengan gred baja.
Elemen mikro cuma diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil. Disebabkan sukar untuk disukat kerana keperluan yang kecil, larutan stok perlu perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu. Larutan stok ini kemudiannya untuk ditambah dalam air bagi dijadikan larutan nutrien (baja)
UNSUR MIKRO
Garam Mineral Gram/1000 liter larutan baja
Nutri Borium (B) 1.7
Nutri Manganes (Mn) 3.2
Nutri Zink (Zn) 0.45
Nutri Cuprum (Cu) 0.28
Nutri Ferrum (Fe) 30
Nutri Molibdenum (Mo)
0.13
Jika air paip digunakan , Nutri zink dan cuprum mungkin tidak diperlukan kerana bahan berkenaan telah hadir dalam air paip.
Elemen mikro cuma diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil. Disebabkan sukar untuk disukat kerana keperluan yang kecil, larutan stok perlu perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu. Larutan stok ini kemudiannya untuk ditambah dalam air bagi dijadikan larutan nutrien (baja)
Tumbuhan dalam sistem hidroponik adalah sama dengan tanaan yang ditanam atas tanah, masing-masing memerlukan 16 unsur untuk tumbuh dengan baik. ia itu C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, Mo dan Cl. Dalam sistem hidroponik unsur ini dilarutkan kedalam air bagi diserap oleh sistem akar. Larutan ini dipanggil larutan nutrium atau larutan baja.
Terdapat pelbagai formula larutan nutrien dipasaran. Harga pasaran adalah berasaskan kepada harga bahan mentah yang digunakan. Bahan yang digunakan biasanya dalam bentuk garam mineral atau cecair. Bahan berkenaan mungkin dalam bentuk bahan organik atau bukan organik atau campuran keduanya.
Menggunakan larutan nutrien yang siap dijual di pasaran adalah lebih mudah, cuma ikut sahaja arahan pada lebel yang berkenaan. Walau bagaimanapun menyediakan sendiri larutan nutrien adalah lebih menyoronokkan !. Kekurangan sesuatu unsur akan memberi kesan terus kepada pertubuhan pokok kerana tanaan bergantung sepenuhnya kepada larutan nutrien yang dibekalkan.
PH Larutan Nutrien
PH merujuk samada larutan nutrien berasid atau beralkali. Ukuran yang digunakan ialah nilai 1 hingga 14. Nilai 7 bagi larutan nuteral, jika nilai ph kurang daripada 7 larutan berkenaan adalah berasid. Bagi nilai melebihi 7 larutan berkenaan berasid. Ph yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan secara umum ialah antara 5.5 hingga 6.5.
Tumbuhan akan menyerap zat makanan dan melepaskan bahan kimia kedalam larutan . Proses ini akan menyebabkan larutan baja akan berubah menjadi lebih berakali. Gunakan pH meter untuk menentukannya. Apabila nilai pH melehi 7, larutan berkenaan adalah beralkali dan perlu diturunkan kepada antara 5.5 hingga 6.5 ia itu nilai yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan. Untuk mencapai nilai ini campurkan asid sulfrik atau air bateri kedalam larutan nutrien berkenaan. Sekiranya larutan nutrien berasid ia itu nilai pH nya kurang daripada 5.5, ia perlu ditingkatkan sehingga 5.5. Peningkatan pH dapat dilakukan dengan menambah potassium hydroxide (KOH) atau sodium hydroxide (NaOH) atau soda bikarbonat yang digunakan untuk membuat kueh. Gunakan ph meter atau kertas litmus bagi menyukat ph larutan.
PH Untuk Tanaman Terpilih
PH 6.0-6.7
PH 5.5-6.7
PH 5.2-6.7
PH 4.5-6.7
Asparagus Kekacang Tomato Ubi Kentang
Cauliflower Broccoli Lobak Merah
Tembikai Kobis
Salad
Kepekatan Larutan
Kepekatan larutan nutrien diukur dengan unit ppm (part per million) atau satu bahagian dalam sejuta. Sukatan ini merujuk kepada nisbah bahagian nutrien dilarutkan kedalam air. Jika 1 miligram baja A dilarutkan dalam 1 litter air bersih, kepekakatan larutan di baca sebagai 1 ppm. Air bersih yang belum dicampurkan baja kedalam nya mempunyai nilai ppm kosong.
Anggaran purata keperluan unsur nirojen untuk pertumbuhan ialah 300 ppm, posforos 80 ppm, kalium 250 ppm, salfur 400 ppm, Magnesium 75 ppm, kalsium 400 ppm, Iron 5 ppm, tembaga 0.5 ppm, Mangam 2 ppm, Molbednum 0.001 ppm dan boron 1 ppm. Nilai standard kerja kepekatan larutan baja hidroponik ialah 1280 ppm, dikira setelah semua unsur yang diperlukan oleh pertumbuhan dilarutkan dalam air.
Bagi menjamin pertumbuhan tanaman yang baik nilai ppm hendaklah sentiasa diukur nilai kepekatan standart kerja ialah 1280 ppm, Jika perlu larutan nutrien hendak lah ditambah bagi mencapai nilai standard kerja yang diperlukan.
Limit Pengunaan Unsur Nutrien Oleh Pokok Mengikut Sukatan PPM
Unsur Makro
Kepekatan (ppm)
Unsur Mikro
Kepekatan (ppm)
N 70-1000 Fe 0.5-10
P 30-100 Mn 0.1-5
K 100-400 H 0.16
Ca 80-400 Cu 0.02-0.5
Mg 24-100 Zn 0.02-1
S 35-1000 Mo 0.01-0.1
Kesan Kekurangan Unsur Nutrien Kepada Pokok
Unsur Nutrien
Kesan (symptoms)
Nitrojan Daun kecil, warna hijau muda,daun mati pada pokok dan daun sukar gugur.
Posforus Daun hijau tua. Daun bawah bewarna kuning pada bahagian hujung daun.
Potassium Daun bawah mati.terutama bahagian antara tulang daun.
Kalsium Pucuk dan daun muda mati. Daun muda berkedut.
Magnesium Bawah daun kuning akhirnya mati.
Salfur Pucuk dan daun muda warna hijau muda
Iron Pucuk dan daun muda warna kuning, akhirnya mati
Mangan Mata burung atau tompok warna coklat pada daun.
Boron Tunas dan pucuk mati
CARA MENYEDIAKAN LARUTAN NUTRIEN (BAJA)
Ada beberapa formula baja yang dapat digunakan untuk hidroponik, tapi dari beberapa formula tersebut yang terpenting adalah kandungan unsur-unsurnya sesuai dengan keperluan tanaman. Karena itu secara praktis, kita sebaiknya memahami berapa banyak unsur nutrien yang diperlukan oleh setiap tanaman. Dari sini kita menyusun formulasi campuran sendiri yang mencukupi keperluan tersebut. Hal ini lebih bermanfaat karena kita boleh jimatkan perbelanjaan membeli larutan baja., kita boleh menemukan keperluan unsur dengan bahan yang murah tapi fungsinya tetap mencapai apa yang kita harapkan.
Larutan nutrien hidroponik telah dibangunkan oleh D. R. Hoagland dari University of California. Larutan ini boleh dibuat sendiri (bagi tujuan hobi) dengan mencampur daripada baja dalam bentuk garam mineral yang terdapat dalam pasaran. Mudah disediakan dan dapat memberi hasil yang memuaskan bagi tujuan hobi..
Bagi tujuan komersial ketepatan penggunaan garam mineral amatlah penting dalam kejayaan projek. Formula yang telah dibangunkan oleh Terengganu Hydroponics Society adalah sebagaimana di bawah:-
UNSUR MAKRO
Garam Mineral Gram/1000 liter larutan baja
Nutri Fosfat (P) 18
Nutri Potasium (K) 30
Nutri Nitrat (N) 60
Nutri Magnesium (Mg) 31
Garam mineral mesti dilarutkan dalam air panas secara berasingan dan ditambahkan kedalam tangki larutan. Gunakan bahan grade kimia. Gred baja boleh juga digunakan kerana harganya lebih murah. Garam mineral gred kimia adalah mudah larut berbanding dengan gred baja.
Elemen mikro cuma diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil. Disebabkan sukar untuk disukat kerana keperluan yang kecil, larutan stok perlu perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu. Larutan stok ini kemudiannya untuk ditambah dalam air bagi dijadikan larutan nutrien (baja)
UNSUR MIKRO
Garam Mineral Gram/1000 liter larutan baja
Nutri Borium (B) 1.7
Nutri Manganes (Mn) 3.2
Nutri Zink (Zn) 0.45
Nutri Cuprum (Cu) 0.28
Nutri Ferrum (Fe) 30
Nutri Molibdenum (Mo)
0.13
Jika air paip digunakan , Nutri zink dan cuprum mungkin tidak diperlukan kerana bahan berkenaan telah hadir dalam air paip.
Elemen mikro cuma diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil. Disebabkan sukar untuk disukat kerana keperluan yang kecil, larutan stok perlu perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu. Larutan stok ini kemudiannya untuk ditambah dalam air bagi dijadikan larutan nutrien (baja)
TEKNIK PENANAMAN HIDROPONIK
Pengenalan
Hidroponik merupakan dua ungkapan Greek ia itu hidro yang berarti air dan phonos bearti kerja. Ia membawa maksud aktiviti pertanian yang dijalankan dengan menggunakan air sebagai medium menggantikan tanah. Teknik ini telah digunakan sejak tamaddun awal sebelum masehi lagi. Taman Tergantung Babyloon antara sistem tanaman secara hidroponik yang masyur diikuti dengan Tamaddun Aztez di Mexico di mana masyarakat Indian menanam secara terapung di permukaan tasik yang cetek atau dapat di katakan sebagai sistem rakit. Marco Polo dalam pengembaraannya mencatatkan bahawa terdapat penduduk di negara China menanam secara hidroponik. Dalam Tamaddun Mesir juga terdapat aktiviti penanaman secara hidroponik dijalankan.
Pada 1699, Woodward saintis England telah menjalankan kajian menanam dengan menggunakan air sebagai medium, garam mineral dilarutan kedalam air dengan dimasukkan sedikit tanah. Keputusannya pokok tumbuh dengan baik dan tanah yang dicampur didapati tidak berkurang. Pada 1930an saintis Amerika , Gerice dari Universiti California telah berjaya menanam tomato dengan kaedah hidroponik yang mana tomato tumbuh sehingga 7.5 meter. Perkembangan Teknologi Greenhouse di negara barat telah membantu perkembangan hidroponik, yang mana aktiviti pertanian hidroponik dalam greenhouse dapat dijalankan sepanjang tahun.
Pada awal 70an, saintis England Dr. Allen Cooper telah berjaya memperkenalkan teknik NFT yang merupakan sistem hidroponik terbaik. Dalam kaedah ini larutan baja dari tangki hidroponik dialirkan keakar tanaman dalam palung, larutan ini dikembalikan semula kedalam tangki. Teknik ini telah berkembang selaras dengan perkembangan teknologi digital yang mana terdapat operasi sistem ini yang dikawal dengan komputer.
Kebaikan Hidroponik
Hidroponik mempunyai banyak kelebihan berbanding dengan bertani secara konvensional. Kelebihan utama ialah kawalan sepenuhnya keatas tanaman. Tumbuhan dapat di tanam dengan kepadatan tinggi dengan kadar penggunaan baja yang lebih kecil kerana baja tidak di larutresap kedalam tanah. Tanaman lebih cepat matang, tanpa kerosakan akibat gangguan cuaca, penggunaan racun makhluk perosak yang minima pasti mengurangkan kos pengeluaran.
Daya pengeluaran amat tinggi berbanding dengan cara kovensional. Sebagai contoh tomato yang ditanam atas tanah mengeluarkan hasil 5 hingga 10 tan seekar setahun berbanding 200 tan jika diusahakan secara hidroponik.
Tanaman Yang Sesuai
Sayur-sayuran - termasuk salad, sawi, kobis, tomato, cili, timun, kacang dan sebagainya
Bunga - ros, orkid, marigold dsb.
Foliage - palms, paku, ficus, dan house plants.
Herba - basil, chives, mint, parsley, sage, thyme, dan lain-lain.
Buah - pisang ,tembikai dan lain-lain.
Keperluan Untuk Pertumbuahan
Sistem hidroponik tidak akan berjaya tanpa persekitaran yang baik. Seperti teknik penanaman atas tanah, ia memerlukan suhu yang sesuai, cahaya matahari yang panjang antara 8 hingga 10 jam bagi proses fotosintisis. Cahaya tiruan boleh digunakan tapi memerlukan perbelanjaan yang tinggi.
Kualiti air yang baik diperlukan bagi melarutkan garam mineral ( baja) bagi pembesaran pokok. Air hujan yang diambil pada pertengahan hujan boleh digunakan. Air paip perlu disimpan sekurang-kurannya satu hari sebelum digunakan bagi mengelakan kandungan klorin dan lain-lain unsur yang tinggi.
Serangga perosak dan penyakit perlu dikawal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman yang sempurna.Penggunaan jaring atau kelambu dapat mengelak serangan serangga serta tidak perlu menggunakan racun makhluk perosak. Jika menggunakan racun serangga pastikan pemetikan hasil dibuat selepas seminggu dari semburan.
Jika bekas hidroponik diletakkan ditempat terbuka, larutkan bersama abate mengikut kadar yang dibenarkan bagi mengelakan pembiakkan nyamuk. Adalah menjadi kesalahan mengikut undang-undang sekiranya anda membiarkan nyamuk addes membiak dan anda akan dikenakan tindakan undang-undang oleh pihak berkuasa.
Tanaman secara hidroponik perlu diberi sokongan untuk tumbuh tegak. Tanaman sayuran daun yang kecil dapat tegak terus dari medium tanaman. Bagaimanapun tanaman yang lebih besar seperti tomato, cili, terung dan lain-lain perlu diberi sokongan untuk tumbuh tegak.
Terdapat sistem hidroponik pasif.sistem hidroponik aktif
Sistem hidroponik pasif di mana air yang digunakan kekal statik dala takung atau kolam. Sesuai digunakan untuk tanaman jangka pendek seperti sayuran daun seperti salad, sawi, kailan dan bayam. Tidak memerlu perbelanjaan yang besar dan sesuai untuk amatur atau hobi, namun bolih dijalankan secara komersial. contoh sistem ini ialah sistem hidroponik takung dan sistem hidroponik rakit.
Sistem hidroponik aktif merupakan sistem dimana larutan baja dibekalkan melalui tangki dan dipumkan keakar tanaman, kemudian larutan berkenaan akan dikembalikan semula kedalam tangki. Proses ini akan berpusing sehinggalah tanaman matang untuk dituai. Sistem ini sesuai untuk sayuran buah seperti tomato, cili, terung, tembikai, tiun dan sebagainya. Contoh sistem ini ialah DFT, NFT, Takung Aktif, Aggredate Calture dan Aeroponik.
Pembahagian Lain
Boleh juga dibahagikan kepada sistem tertutup dan sistem terbuka
.Sistem Tertutup
Sistem yang menggunakan aiir sepenuhnya termasuk teknik nutrien cetek (NFT), kultur air dalam (DFT) dan modifikasi NFT.
Sistem Terbuka
Sistem ini menggunakan bahan penganti tanah seperti rockwool, gambut hancur, habuk papan, sabuk kelapa, perlit dan pasir. Seperti sistem penanaman dalam pasu tetapi tidak menggunakan tanah.
Hidroponik merupakan dua ungkapan Greek ia itu hidro yang berarti air dan phonos bearti kerja. Ia membawa maksud aktiviti pertanian yang dijalankan dengan menggunakan air sebagai medium menggantikan tanah. Teknik ini telah digunakan sejak tamaddun awal sebelum masehi lagi. Taman Tergantung Babyloon antara sistem tanaman secara hidroponik yang masyur diikuti dengan Tamaddun Aztez di Mexico di mana masyarakat Indian menanam secara terapung di permukaan tasik yang cetek atau dapat di katakan sebagai sistem rakit. Marco Polo dalam pengembaraannya mencatatkan bahawa terdapat penduduk di negara China menanam secara hidroponik. Dalam Tamaddun Mesir juga terdapat aktiviti penanaman secara hidroponik dijalankan.
Pada 1699, Woodward saintis England telah menjalankan kajian menanam dengan menggunakan air sebagai medium, garam mineral dilarutan kedalam air dengan dimasukkan sedikit tanah. Keputusannya pokok tumbuh dengan baik dan tanah yang dicampur didapati tidak berkurang. Pada 1930an saintis Amerika , Gerice dari Universiti California telah berjaya menanam tomato dengan kaedah hidroponik yang mana tomato tumbuh sehingga 7.5 meter. Perkembangan Teknologi Greenhouse di negara barat telah membantu perkembangan hidroponik, yang mana aktiviti pertanian hidroponik dalam greenhouse dapat dijalankan sepanjang tahun.
Pada awal 70an, saintis England Dr. Allen Cooper telah berjaya memperkenalkan teknik NFT yang merupakan sistem hidroponik terbaik. Dalam kaedah ini larutan baja dari tangki hidroponik dialirkan keakar tanaman dalam palung, larutan ini dikembalikan semula kedalam tangki. Teknik ini telah berkembang selaras dengan perkembangan teknologi digital yang mana terdapat operasi sistem ini yang dikawal dengan komputer.
Kebaikan Hidroponik
Hidroponik mempunyai banyak kelebihan berbanding dengan bertani secara konvensional. Kelebihan utama ialah kawalan sepenuhnya keatas tanaman. Tumbuhan dapat di tanam dengan kepadatan tinggi dengan kadar penggunaan baja yang lebih kecil kerana baja tidak di larutresap kedalam tanah. Tanaman lebih cepat matang, tanpa kerosakan akibat gangguan cuaca, penggunaan racun makhluk perosak yang minima pasti mengurangkan kos pengeluaran.
Daya pengeluaran amat tinggi berbanding dengan cara kovensional. Sebagai contoh tomato yang ditanam atas tanah mengeluarkan hasil 5 hingga 10 tan seekar setahun berbanding 200 tan jika diusahakan secara hidroponik.
Tanaman Yang Sesuai
Sayur-sayuran - termasuk salad, sawi, kobis, tomato, cili, timun, kacang dan sebagainya
Bunga - ros, orkid, marigold dsb.
Foliage - palms, paku, ficus, dan house plants.
Herba - basil, chives, mint, parsley, sage, thyme, dan lain-lain.
Buah - pisang ,tembikai dan lain-lain.
Keperluan Untuk Pertumbuahan
Sistem hidroponik tidak akan berjaya tanpa persekitaran yang baik. Seperti teknik penanaman atas tanah, ia memerlukan suhu yang sesuai, cahaya matahari yang panjang antara 8 hingga 10 jam bagi proses fotosintisis. Cahaya tiruan boleh digunakan tapi memerlukan perbelanjaan yang tinggi.
Kualiti air yang baik diperlukan bagi melarutkan garam mineral ( baja) bagi pembesaran pokok. Air hujan yang diambil pada pertengahan hujan boleh digunakan. Air paip perlu disimpan sekurang-kurannya satu hari sebelum digunakan bagi mengelakan kandungan klorin dan lain-lain unsur yang tinggi.
Serangga perosak dan penyakit perlu dikawal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman yang sempurna.Penggunaan jaring atau kelambu dapat mengelak serangan serangga serta tidak perlu menggunakan racun makhluk perosak. Jika menggunakan racun serangga pastikan pemetikan hasil dibuat selepas seminggu dari semburan.
Jika bekas hidroponik diletakkan ditempat terbuka, larutkan bersama abate mengikut kadar yang dibenarkan bagi mengelakan pembiakkan nyamuk. Adalah menjadi kesalahan mengikut undang-undang sekiranya anda membiarkan nyamuk addes membiak dan anda akan dikenakan tindakan undang-undang oleh pihak berkuasa.
Tanaman secara hidroponik perlu diberi sokongan untuk tumbuh tegak. Tanaman sayuran daun yang kecil dapat tegak terus dari medium tanaman. Bagaimanapun tanaman yang lebih besar seperti tomato, cili, terung dan lain-lain perlu diberi sokongan untuk tumbuh tegak.
Terdapat sistem hidroponik pasif.sistem hidroponik aktif
Sistem hidroponik pasif di mana air yang digunakan kekal statik dala takung atau kolam. Sesuai digunakan untuk tanaman jangka pendek seperti sayuran daun seperti salad, sawi, kailan dan bayam. Tidak memerlu perbelanjaan yang besar dan sesuai untuk amatur atau hobi, namun bolih dijalankan secara komersial. contoh sistem ini ialah sistem hidroponik takung dan sistem hidroponik rakit.
Sistem hidroponik aktif merupakan sistem dimana larutan baja dibekalkan melalui tangki dan dipumkan keakar tanaman, kemudian larutan berkenaan akan dikembalikan semula kedalam tangki. Proses ini akan berpusing sehinggalah tanaman matang untuk dituai. Sistem ini sesuai untuk sayuran buah seperti tomato, cili, terung, tembikai, tiun dan sebagainya. Contoh sistem ini ialah DFT, NFT, Takung Aktif, Aggredate Calture dan Aeroponik.
Pembahagian Lain
Boleh juga dibahagikan kepada sistem tertutup dan sistem terbuka
.Sistem Tertutup
Sistem yang menggunakan aiir sepenuhnya termasuk teknik nutrien cetek (NFT), kultur air dalam (DFT) dan modifikasi NFT.
Sistem Terbuka
Sistem ini menggunakan bahan penganti tanah seperti rockwool, gambut hancur, habuk papan, sabuk kelapa, perlit dan pasir. Seperti sistem penanaman dalam pasu tetapi tidak menggunakan tanah.
PANDUAN MENANAM BUNCIS
Kacang buncis merupahan sejenis sayur kekacang yang berbuah dan
sangat kaya dengan kandungan protin. Ia dipercayai berasal dari
Amerika tengah dan Amerika Selatan. Pokok kacang buncis bertabiat
tumbuh melilit, mempunyai akar tunjang dan sisi yang panjang dan
memerlukan pancang untuk memanjat.
JENIS-JENIS KACANG BUNCIS
Terdapat dua jenis yang ditanam iaitu jenis rimbun dan memanjat.
Jenis yang biasa ditanam di negara ini ialah jenis memanjat dimana
terapat 2 varieti yang dipilih oleh MARDI iaitu:
MBK -- Berbiji hitam, berbatang keperangan dan berbunga ungu. Jenis
ini yang biasa ditanam dan disyorkan oleh MARDI.
MBK-- Berbiji kemerahan, berbatang kehijauan dan berbunga putih.
Jenis ini banyak ditanam di kawasan utara Semenanjung dan di Melaka.
TANAH
Kacang buncis boleh ditanam pada pelbagai jenis tanah dari pasir
peroi hingga ke tanah liat. Tanah yang gembur, subur, baik
salirannya dan PH 5.5- 6.8 adalah paling sesuai untul penanamannya.
PENANAMAN
Bajak dan gemburkaan tanah sedalam 15-22cm untuk pertumbuhan akar
yang baik. Sediakan batas berukuran 1.2m lebar, 0.3m tinggi dan
panjangnya mengikut keadaan kawasan. Jarak antara batas ialah 0.6m.
Menaman
Tanam 4 biji benih selubang dalam dua barisan dengan jarak 0.6 m
antara baris dan 0.45m antara pokok. Setelah anak benih cambah dan
membesar tinggalkan 2 pokok selubang sahaja. Sebanyak 6 kg biji
benih diperlukan untuk kawasan seluas 0.4 ha.
Menyedia junjung
Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang tinggi kacang buncis perlu diberi
junjung. Sokong anak-anak tanaman yang berumur 3 minggi dengan
menggunakan kayu pancang berukuran 1.8-2.4m.
Condongkan kayu-kayu sokongan supaya bertentangan dan ikat di
bahagian atas. Kemudian lentangkan kayu-kayu pada tiap-tiap sudut
yang bertemu. Pastikan anak-anak tanaman meliliti kayu sokongan.
satu cara lagi untuk menyokong pokok ialah dengan sistem trellis.
Sambung dua tiang beruti atau batang kayu yang berhampiran dengan
dawai kasar untuk dijadikan junjung. Kemudian gunakan dawai
sederhana kasar dan ikat dawai ini dengan cara memanjang dan
melintang. Gunakan tali rafia untuk membantu anak pokok memanjat
junjung.
PENJAGAAN
Menyiram air
Siram tanaman pagi dan petang setiap hari kecuali hari hujan
Membaja
Gunakan baja asas, tahi ayam sebanyak 2 tan untuk 0.4 hektar. Tabur
baja dalam satu parit di tengah batas atau tabur rata-rata di atas
batas dan gaulkan dengan tanah.
Merumput
Kawalan rumpai perlu dijalankan sepanjang masa untuk mengelakan
persaingan tanaman dengan rumpai.
MEMUNGUT HASIL
Hasil boleh mula dikutip 7 minggu selepas menaman. Kutip kacang
sebelum matang iaitu sebelum biji terbunjul. Kutip 2.3 hari sekali
dalam masa 3 minggu. Hasil Purata di anggarkan 4,800 kg bagi setiap
0.4 hektar.
sangat kaya dengan kandungan protin. Ia dipercayai berasal dari
Amerika tengah dan Amerika Selatan. Pokok kacang buncis bertabiat
tumbuh melilit, mempunyai akar tunjang dan sisi yang panjang dan
memerlukan pancang untuk memanjat.
JENIS-JENIS KACANG BUNCIS
Terdapat dua jenis yang ditanam iaitu jenis rimbun dan memanjat.
Jenis yang biasa ditanam di negara ini ialah jenis memanjat dimana
terapat 2 varieti yang dipilih oleh MARDI iaitu:
MBK -- Berbiji hitam, berbatang keperangan dan berbunga ungu. Jenis
ini yang biasa ditanam dan disyorkan oleh MARDI.
MBK-- Berbiji kemerahan, berbatang kehijauan dan berbunga putih.
Jenis ini banyak ditanam di kawasan utara Semenanjung dan di Melaka.
TANAH
Kacang buncis boleh ditanam pada pelbagai jenis tanah dari pasir
peroi hingga ke tanah liat. Tanah yang gembur, subur, baik
salirannya dan PH 5.5- 6.8 adalah paling sesuai untul penanamannya.
PENANAMAN
Bajak dan gemburkaan tanah sedalam 15-22cm untuk pertumbuhan akar
yang baik. Sediakan batas berukuran 1.2m lebar, 0.3m tinggi dan
panjangnya mengikut keadaan kawasan. Jarak antara batas ialah 0.6m.
Menaman
Tanam 4 biji benih selubang dalam dua barisan dengan jarak 0.6 m
antara baris dan 0.45m antara pokok. Setelah anak benih cambah dan
membesar tinggalkan 2 pokok selubang sahaja. Sebanyak 6 kg biji
benih diperlukan untuk kawasan seluas 0.4 ha.
Menyedia junjung
Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang tinggi kacang buncis perlu diberi
junjung. Sokong anak-anak tanaman yang berumur 3 minggi dengan
menggunakan kayu pancang berukuran 1.8-2.4m.
Condongkan kayu-kayu sokongan supaya bertentangan dan ikat di
bahagian atas. Kemudian lentangkan kayu-kayu pada tiap-tiap sudut
yang bertemu. Pastikan anak-anak tanaman meliliti kayu sokongan.
satu cara lagi untuk menyokong pokok ialah dengan sistem trellis.
Sambung dua tiang beruti atau batang kayu yang berhampiran dengan
dawai kasar untuk dijadikan junjung. Kemudian gunakan dawai
sederhana kasar dan ikat dawai ini dengan cara memanjang dan
melintang. Gunakan tali rafia untuk membantu anak pokok memanjat
junjung.
PENJAGAAN
Menyiram air
Siram tanaman pagi dan petang setiap hari kecuali hari hujan
Membaja
Gunakan baja asas, tahi ayam sebanyak 2 tan untuk 0.4 hektar. Tabur
baja dalam satu parit di tengah batas atau tabur rata-rata di atas
batas dan gaulkan dengan tanah.
Merumput
Kawalan rumpai perlu dijalankan sepanjang masa untuk mengelakan
persaingan tanaman dengan rumpai.
MEMUNGUT HASIL
Hasil boleh mula dikutip 7 minggu selepas menaman. Kutip kacang
sebelum matang iaitu sebelum biji terbunjul. Kutip 2.3 hari sekali
dalam masa 3 minggu. Hasil Purata di anggarkan 4,800 kg bagi setiap
0.4 hektar.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Panduan Hipnosis
Self-Hypnosis, why is that?
You want to lose your weight, you have used the best weight loss techniques on the internet, and offline without results; you want to have the best diet, how? You want to lose your smoking habit. You want increase your self esteem. You want to tackle your life, your anxieties, and your problems. What is the best solution for all this? I would say, self-hypnosis. How? Read on.
A Hypnosis Primer:
You have seen people getting hypnotized; you have seen it in Dracula, when Mina Harker was put into trance, when she was starting to acquire the obnoxious count, by the great Professor Van Helsing and gave the directions as to where the count Dracula was heading; you have seen it in real life, as treatment to a million psychological disorders including the dissociative identity, schizophrenia etc; you have seen it as valuable tool to gather evidence in famed criminal cases. It is, in fact, one great invention that mankind holds, with practically far reaching ramifications.
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness of the brain, in which the conscious and subconscious regions of the brain are interactive at the same time, keeping the subject in a state of trance, and open to positive suggestions. Positive suggestions in the sense, you could make the subject throw away a harmful habit (s)he has. You can instill good character and mindset to the people; and you can generate affection, hatred or a neutral feeling toward anything. In essence, this versatile psychological tool can work out miracles for you.
The requirements and the process:
First, you have to have a calm and serene atmosphere, where you are not going to be disturbed for another hour. Now, please also try to have a comfortable position, and away from any kind of movements. Also, it is desirable if there is no noise.
Have some background music played (without lyrics, just music). The music has to be very low and serene. And hip hop, rock, and rap are not preferred. It has to be absolutely low, and monotonous.
Now, have a point on the ceiling or anywhere you can look without much effort, and stare at the point, fix your eye and make no movement whatsoever. Have nothing come to your mind, and take five to ten deep breaths. Now, optionally you can count on each breath. That would put your brain out of a state of thought. While doing the counting, you have to relax your body, from the head to the toes. Try to feel that your eyelids are drooping and heavy.
Once you are fully relaxed, and feeling like floating, you can tell yourself this phrase: “I can become more self-reliant each time I do this process.” Chant this phrase or any other positive phrase. You are giving your brain, suggestions. You can write your own phrases, and ask the Subconscious to do it. You can tell your brain to stop the bad habit you are having, or anything similar. Chant this phrase a few times, and then you can come back to conscious state.
Please repeat these steps everyday. At first it would be a tedious process, or it would look like one. But as the time goes by, you will automatically go to the trance easily, and in less time.
This is just an introduction to the process of self hypnosis, and you can have a better understanding of the process from the following links, which can give you resources from the internet on this deep subject.
You want to lose your weight, you have used the best weight loss techniques on the internet, and offline without results; you want to have the best diet, how? You want to lose your smoking habit. You want increase your self esteem. You want to tackle your life, your anxieties, and your problems. What is the best solution for all this? I would say, self-hypnosis. How? Read on.
A Hypnosis Primer:
You have seen people getting hypnotized; you have seen it in Dracula, when Mina Harker was put into trance, when she was starting to acquire the obnoxious count, by the great Professor Van Helsing and gave the directions as to where the count Dracula was heading; you have seen it in real life, as treatment to a million psychological disorders including the dissociative identity, schizophrenia etc; you have seen it as valuable tool to gather evidence in famed criminal cases. It is, in fact, one great invention that mankind holds, with practically far reaching ramifications.
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness of the brain, in which the conscious and subconscious regions of the brain are interactive at the same time, keeping the subject in a state of trance, and open to positive suggestions. Positive suggestions in the sense, you could make the subject throw away a harmful habit (s)he has. You can instill good character and mindset to the people; and you can generate affection, hatred or a neutral feeling toward anything. In essence, this versatile psychological tool can work out miracles for you.
The requirements and the process:
First, you have to have a calm and serene atmosphere, where you are not going to be disturbed for another hour. Now, please also try to have a comfortable position, and away from any kind of movements. Also, it is desirable if there is no noise.
Have some background music played (without lyrics, just music). The music has to be very low and serene. And hip hop, rock, and rap are not preferred. It has to be absolutely low, and monotonous.
Now, have a point on the ceiling or anywhere you can look without much effort, and stare at the point, fix your eye and make no movement whatsoever. Have nothing come to your mind, and take five to ten deep breaths. Now, optionally you can count on each breath. That would put your brain out of a state of thought. While doing the counting, you have to relax your body, from the head to the toes. Try to feel that your eyelids are drooping and heavy.
Once you are fully relaxed, and feeling like floating, you can tell yourself this phrase: “I can become more self-reliant each time I do this process.” Chant this phrase or any other positive phrase. You are giving your brain, suggestions. You can write your own phrases, and ask the Subconscious to do it. You can tell your brain to stop the bad habit you are having, or anything similar. Chant this phrase a few times, and then you can come back to conscious state.
Please repeat these steps everyday. At first it would be a tedious process, or it would look like one. But as the time goes by, you will automatically go to the trance easily, and in less time.
This is just an introduction to the process of self hypnosis, and you can have a better understanding of the process from the following links, which can give you resources from the internet on this deep subject.
Mengawal Minda dengan Hipnosis
Feelings, feelings, feelings! Does your entire life seems to be run by the way you feel? Sometimes you feel great, other times terrible and for the majority of time you feel just all alright. When you feel great “on top of the world” doesn’t it feel like you can achieve anything? When you feel down, depressed or negative don’t you feel like nothing is worth the effort and even if it were you would probably fail anyway? As I’ve said most of the time you will find yourself somewhere in the middle, just muddling through life day by day. But, what do you think you could accomplish if you could control your emotional state and evoke any emotion you wanted?
In order to develop this skill you must first realize what an emotion is. Emotions are not monsters or masters of your state. They are merely feelings that you create from your own perceptions. You evoke emotions based on internal and external circumstances that themselves are usually based on your past experiences!
When you experience a feeling, it is only an emotion, that has been triggered by your thoughts and these thoughts, in turn, have been triggered by your memories. These memories can be either pleasant or painful depending on how you processed the situation when it initially occurred. When confronted with a similar situation or event in the present your brain replays these memories at a conscious, or usually, unconscious level and feeds back to you the emotion associated with it.
We give our emotions and feelings many different names like joy, pleasure, happiness, fear, pain, frustration, anger but there are really only two emotions. One feels good and the other feels bad!
I’m sure you know the effects of feeling good and bad. You know that when you undertake a task and feel good about it is much more likely to succeed than if you feel bad about it. In fact if your feelings are very bad you will probably not even attempt the undertaking at all! Fear takes over!
What if you could feel good in situations where before you felt bad? What do you think that would mean for you?
Your emotional responses reside in your subconscious mind. It controls them and it is responsible for feeding the feelings to you at a conscious level. This is why it can be so hard or almost impossible for you to create emotions consciously. You can’t just tell yourself to be happy and suddenly you are filled with joy. In fact the opposite usually occurs as your subconscious mind reinforces the initial emotion and thoughts with more of the same!
So how do YOU combat this?
Well since your emotional responses reside in your subconscious mind, it stands to reason that if you want to change them you need to gain access to your subconscious and reprogram it – just like a computer!
So how do YOU do this?
Well thankfully there is a way and its much easier than you think. It is, of course, called HYPNOSIS. Through the use of hypnosis or self hypnosis you can easily and quickly gain access to the subconscious mind.
“Ok that all sounds great” you may say, “but what do I do then Sherlock?”
Well a skilful hypnotist, whether in person or on a recording, can very quickly ‘anchor’ new feelings to old memories. He can take a memory that has some very bad emotional responses connected to it and neutralize those emotions. Then he will re-connect your old memory with new positive emotions.
This involves the use of some very advanced forms of NLP (which can also be used very effectively without hypnosis). The positive affects of these techniques leaves you free from old memories that block you from moving forward in your life and also reprogram your mind to feel optimistic and hopeful when confronted with similar situations in the present and future.
This is also how phobias are dealt with and explaining this process should give you some idea of the power and benefits of using it on other emotional issues. Let’s say you have a real fear of spiders. Now everyone knows that a fear of spiders is irrational in most cases and has no foundation in truth. A house spider can do you absolutely no harm! So you get a hypnosis recording to deal with your arachnophobia. So what happens?
First the hypnotist will relax your mind and body and then get you to think of a happy scene filled with lovely beautiful creatures that you like. Say for instance you love little fluffy kittens. He will immerse you in the image and guide you to the beauty of the animal and evoke kindly, loving emotions. Then he will ask you to think of a spider. He may get you to put roller-skates on it and watch it trying to walk or get you to imagine it has a funny face or kindly demeanour. In this way he will neutralize the negative feelings you currently hold about the arachnid. Then he will connect the previous image of the kittens, and thus the positive emotions associated with it, to the image of the funny spider. You will also be guided to see the beauty of this little creature and its usefulness in nature. Thus, sometimes in one session, you can completely reverse a phobia!
Likewise the emotional response to any situation, circumstance, person or event can be reversed to whatever positive emotional response you want. Such is the power of hypnosis and the creativity of your mind. You will merely learn to react in a different, more positive, way and through modern mental techniques you can learn to do it in any way you desire.
So, there is really no excuse to suffer at the hands of your negative emotions any more. You can reprogram your mind to feel any way you want. Check it out, you may just like it!
In order to develop this skill you must first realize what an emotion is. Emotions are not monsters or masters of your state. They are merely feelings that you create from your own perceptions. You evoke emotions based on internal and external circumstances that themselves are usually based on your past experiences!
When you experience a feeling, it is only an emotion, that has been triggered by your thoughts and these thoughts, in turn, have been triggered by your memories. These memories can be either pleasant or painful depending on how you processed the situation when it initially occurred. When confronted with a similar situation or event in the present your brain replays these memories at a conscious, or usually, unconscious level and feeds back to you the emotion associated with it.
We give our emotions and feelings many different names like joy, pleasure, happiness, fear, pain, frustration, anger but there are really only two emotions. One feels good and the other feels bad!
I’m sure you know the effects of feeling good and bad. You know that when you undertake a task and feel good about it is much more likely to succeed than if you feel bad about it. In fact if your feelings are very bad you will probably not even attempt the undertaking at all! Fear takes over!
What if you could feel good in situations where before you felt bad? What do you think that would mean for you?
Your emotional responses reside in your subconscious mind. It controls them and it is responsible for feeding the feelings to you at a conscious level. This is why it can be so hard or almost impossible for you to create emotions consciously. You can’t just tell yourself to be happy and suddenly you are filled with joy. In fact the opposite usually occurs as your subconscious mind reinforces the initial emotion and thoughts with more of the same!
So how do YOU combat this?
Well since your emotional responses reside in your subconscious mind, it stands to reason that if you want to change them you need to gain access to your subconscious and reprogram it – just like a computer!
So how do YOU do this?
Well thankfully there is a way and its much easier than you think. It is, of course, called HYPNOSIS. Through the use of hypnosis or self hypnosis you can easily and quickly gain access to the subconscious mind.
“Ok that all sounds great” you may say, “but what do I do then Sherlock?”
Well a skilful hypnotist, whether in person or on a recording, can very quickly ‘anchor’ new feelings to old memories. He can take a memory that has some very bad emotional responses connected to it and neutralize those emotions. Then he will re-connect your old memory with new positive emotions.
This involves the use of some very advanced forms of NLP (which can also be used very effectively without hypnosis). The positive affects of these techniques leaves you free from old memories that block you from moving forward in your life and also reprogram your mind to feel optimistic and hopeful when confronted with similar situations in the present and future.
This is also how phobias are dealt with and explaining this process should give you some idea of the power and benefits of using it on other emotional issues. Let’s say you have a real fear of spiders. Now everyone knows that a fear of spiders is irrational in most cases and has no foundation in truth. A house spider can do you absolutely no harm! So you get a hypnosis recording to deal with your arachnophobia. So what happens?
First the hypnotist will relax your mind and body and then get you to think of a happy scene filled with lovely beautiful creatures that you like. Say for instance you love little fluffy kittens. He will immerse you in the image and guide you to the beauty of the animal and evoke kindly, loving emotions. Then he will ask you to think of a spider. He may get you to put roller-skates on it and watch it trying to walk or get you to imagine it has a funny face or kindly demeanour. In this way he will neutralize the negative feelings you currently hold about the arachnid. Then he will connect the previous image of the kittens, and thus the positive emotions associated with it, to the image of the funny spider. You will also be guided to see the beauty of this little creature and its usefulness in nature. Thus, sometimes in one session, you can completely reverse a phobia!
Likewise the emotional response to any situation, circumstance, person or event can be reversed to whatever positive emotional response you want. Such is the power of hypnosis and the creativity of your mind. You will merely learn to react in a different, more positive, way and through modern mental techniques you can learn to do it in any way you desire.
So, there is really no excuse to suffer at the hands of your negative emotions any more. You can reprogram your mind to feel any way you want. Check it out, you may just like it!
Hipnosis dan Kuasa Minda Tanpa Batasan
The power of your Mind is truly awesome. You can use your mental powers to achieve success that, up until now, you have only ever dreamed of. It is a Universal truth that life tends to move you towards the physical equivalent of your predominant thoughts and feelings. A great many people are well aware of this fact but most find it extremely difficult to apply this knowledge and put it to work effectively in their lives. Are you one of those people? If you are, then do not worry because I am about to show you how to overcome this little problem.
It seems to most of us that our thoughts are random, sometimes erratic and beyond our control. Our emotions truly do run us most of the time. When we have an emotional response to a thing we tend to go into automatic thinking as the subconscious programs in our mind take over. All too often these programs are just rehashed memories that create negative emotions and negative thoughts that hinder us from moving in the life direction that we really want. Our dominant thoughts and feelings are usually negative in nature due to the conditioning that has taken over on this planet.
The real power you wield is the conscious ability to change your dominant automatic thinking. By doing so you can ensure your feelings and thoughts are more positive in nature, more aligned with your desires and are therefore creating the life experiences that you want. This may sound like a tall order but there are many great techniques and tools to accomplish this. One of the best tools to recondition your mind for success is self hypnosis.
Hypnosis has been used by wise men and women for centuries to create relaxed physical and mental states and condition the mind to respond differently to outside stimuli. It is just as relevant and effective today as it ever has been. In fact with technological breakthroughs and advances in mind conditioning it is possible to create profound lasting change with self hypnosis recordings.
Many of the new recordings, by the best hypnotherapists, include binaural beat technology which entrains the brain to enter into specific mental states ideal for learning and reconditioning, and NLP exercises. There are a great many recordings that are of poor quality, both in their sound and their suggestions, so beware. However, ther are some excellent pre-made sessions on subjects that are as varied as the people who use them.
It is, however, possible for you to enter a hypnotic trance by yourself and then give yourself carefully chosen post-hypnotic suggestions, with just as much power as any hypnotist. These can be a list of simple affirmations that you mentally repeat while in the deeper stages of trance. I find it better to use pre-made recordings or have my own custom hypnosis CDs made as I like to let my mind wander during the trance state.
The trance state is so relaxing that most times you don’t really want to leave it as the conscious mind becomes extremely lazy while hypnotized. This is why I prefer pre-made sessions or to visit a trained hypnotherapist.
However, if you prefer to perform your own hypnotic session, which many people do, you must first ensure that you have a clear intention about your purpose and the objective you have in mind before you enter into a hypnotic state. Ask yourself what you want to achieve from the hypnotic session.
You can use self hypnosis and post hypnotic suggestions very effectively to make any mental or emotional change you can think of.
Once you have decided what it is you want to achieve from your hypnotic session write a few affirmations that reflect your desires. Make sure you word these statements in the first persona and also in the third person, as though you were talking to someone else with your name. For example if you wish to develop more confidence you would write “I grow more confident everyday” and “[state your name] you grow more confident everyday”.
Also form a mental picture of what that new confident you looks like. Imagine how you will feel when you have that new found confidence. Exactly how does that “other” you walk with confidence? How does that “you” talk with confidence? How does the “other you” react to everyday life, stressful situations and other people? How does that confident you think, dress and what is their approach life?
This picture is very important. During trance you will picture that confident you standing before you and bring it to life in your mind’s eye. Then you will step into this confident you and actually become that person. Afterwards you should recite your affirmations while thinking, feeling and imagining you walk, talk, dress and approach life as this confident “other” you!
This form of self hypnosis incorporates NLP and is used to directly program your subconscious so that it will help you create that confident you in the real world. The affirmations act as post-hypnotic suggestions which reinforce the NLP work and ensure your subconscious mind holds the correct “self-talk” that you are constantly involved in during the day. This inner dialogue can make or break a person and it is important to program your mind with positive messages.
To create a state of trance in order to perform these mental sequences is quite easy. First find a quiet restful place where you will not be disturbed. Once there sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Keep your head looking straight ahead and lift your eyes to look at a spot on the wall just above eye level.
Count from 20 down to 10 in a slow manner until you feel your eyes start to strain. You will want to close them. Allow your eyelids to close and continue counting until you reach the number 1.
Then imagine that a long winding staircase with 20 steps is there in front of you. Move to the first step as you mentally say, “20. Going down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and ever deeper. Then take the next step and say, “19. Deeper and deeper still”. Then move to the next step and say, “18. Going down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and ever deeper. Then the next saying, “17. Deeper and deeper still.”
Continue this until you reach the last step and imagine that the staircase has led you to a door. Open the door. Open it and see what is there. This is your special sanctuary where you are relaxed and safe at all times.
Once you enter your sanctuary perform the mental exercise given above. When you are finished your exercises, count up from 1 to 10 telling yourself that you are becoming wide awake with every number. You will find that when you return to normal consciousness you are fully revitalized yet calm and relaxed. Perform your self hypnosis everyday for 30 days and you will have created permanent changes in your mind and body. Now that you understand the process involved with self hypnosis and now have the skills to bring yourself into a hypnotic trance, the changes you can make and results you can create are only limited by your imagination! Have fun.
It seems to most of us that our thoughts are random, sometimes erratic and beyond our control. Our emotions truly do run us most of the time. When we have an emotional response to a thing we tend to go into automatic thinking as the subconscious programs in our mind take over. All too often these programs are just rehashed memories that create negative emotions and negative thoughts that hinder us from moving in the life direction that we really want. Our dominant thoughts and feelings are usually negative in nature due to the conditioning that has taken over on this planet.
The real power you wield is the conscious ability to change your dominant automatic thinking. By doing so you can ensure your feelings and thoughts are more positive in nature, more aligned with your desires and are therefore creating the life experiences that you want. This may sound like a tall order but there are many great techniques and tools to accomplish this. One of the best tools to recondition your mind for success is self hypnosis.
Hypnosis has been used by wise men and women for centuries to create relaxed physical and mental states and condition the mind to respond differently to outside stimuli. It is just as relevant and effective today as it ever has been. In fact with technological breakthroughs and advances in mind conditioning it is possible to create profound lasting change with self hypnosis recordings.
Many of the new recordings, by the best hypnotherapists, include binaural beat technology which entrains the brain to enter into specific mental states ideal for learning and reconditioning, and NLP exercises. There are a great many recordings that are of poor quality, both in their sound and their suggestions, so beware. However, ther are some excellent pre-made sessions on subjects that are as varied as the people who use them.
It is, however, possible for you to enter a hypnotic trance by yourself and then give yourself carefully chosen post-hypnotic suggestions, with just as much power as any hypnotist. These can be a list of simple affirmations that you mentally repeat while in the deeper stages of trance. I find it better to use pre-made recordings or have my own custom hypnosis CDs made as I like to let my mind wander during the trance state.
The trance state is so relaxing that most times you don’t really want to leave it as the conscious mind becomes extremely lazy while hypnotized. This is why I prefer pre-made sessions or to visit a trained hypnotherapist.
However, if you prefer to perform your own hypnotic session, which many people do, you must first ensure that you have a clear intention about your purpose and the objective you have in mind before you enter into a hypnotic state. Ask yourself what you want to achieve from the hypnotic session.
You can use self hypnosis and post hypnotic suggestions very effectively to make any mental or emotional change you can think of.
Once you have decided what it is you want to achieve from your hypnotic session write a few affirmations that reflect your desires. Make sure you word these statements in the first persona and also in the third person, as though you were talking to someone else with your name. For example if you wish to develop more confidence you would write “I grow more confident everyday” and “[state your name] you grow more confident everyday”.
Also form a mental picture of what that new confident you looks like. Imagine how you will feel when you have that new found confidence. Exactly how does that “other” you walk with confidence? How does that “you” talk with confidence? How does the “other you” react to everyday life, stressful situations and other people? How does that confident you think, dress and what is their approach life?
This picture is very important. During trance you will picture that confident you standing before you and bring it to life in your mind’s eye. Then you will step into this confident you and actually become that person. Afterwards you should recite your affirmations while thinking, feeling and imagining you walk, talk, dress and approach life as this confident “other” you!
This form of self hypnosis incorporates NLP and is used to directly program your subconscious so that it will help you create that confident you in the real world. The affirmations act as post-hypnotic suggestions which reinforce the NLP work and ensure your subconscious mind holds the correct “self-talk” that you are constantly involved in during the day. This inner dialogue can make or break a person and it is important to program your mind with positive messages.
To create a state of trance in order to perform these mental sequences is quite easy. First find a quiet restful place where you will not be disturbed. Once there sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Keep your head looking straight ahead and lift your eyes to look at a spot on the wall just above eye level.
Count from 20 down to 10 in a slow manner until you feel your eyes start to strain. You will want to close them. Allow your eyelids to close and continue counting until you reach the number 1.
Then imagine that a long winding staircase with 20 steps is there in front of you. Move to the first step as you mentally say, “20. Going down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and ever deeper. Then take the next step and say, “19. Deeper and deeper still”. Then move to the next step and say, “18. Going down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and ever deeper. Then the next saying, “17. Deeper and deeper still.”
Continue this until you reach the last step and imagine that the staircase has led you to a door. Open the door. Open it and see what is there. This is your special sanctuary where you are relaxed and safe at all times.
Once you enter your sanctuary perform the mental exercise given above. When you are finished your exercises, count up from 1 to 10 telling yourself that you are becoming wide awake with every number. You will find that when you return to normal consciousness you are fully revitalized yet calm and relaxed. Perform your self hypnosis everyday for 30 days and you will have created permanent changes in your mind and body. Now that you understand the process involved with self hypnosis and now have the skills to bring yourself into a hypnotic trance, the changes you can make and results you can create are only limited by your imagination! Have fun.
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